Jewish Space A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati ,QSDUWLDOIXOÀOOPHQWRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHGHJUHHRI MASTER OF ARCHTITECTURE In the school of $UFKLWHFWXUHDQG,QWHULRU'HVLJQRIWKH&ROOHJHRI'HVLJQ $UFKLWHFWXUH$UW 3ODQQLQJ 0D\ By Callie Narron %DFKHORURI6FLHQFHLQ,QWHULRU'HVLJQ 7KH8QLYHULVW\RI1RUWK&DUROLQD*UHHQVERUR Committee Chair: Tom Bible Aartati Kanekar 1 1HZO\HPHUJLQJLQWKHÀHOGRI-XGDLF6WXGLHVLVWKHVWXG\ of Jewish Space:LWKLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\OHDQLQJVLQWKHDUHDRI FXOWXUDOVWXGLHVDQGDUFKLWHFWXUHJewish Space is a concept that FDQEHH[SODLQHGDV´VSDWLDOHQYLURQPHQWVLQZKLFK-HZLVKWKLQJV happen.”1 This is contrasted with the concept of Jewish Place ZKLFKLVSULPDULO\JHRJUDSKLFLQQDWXUH-HZLVK6SDFHRFFXUV ZKHUH-HZLVKWUDGLWLRQVDUHOLYHGDQGSHUIRUPHG8QOLNHFUHDWLQJ DEXLOWZRUNIURPDVHWRIGUDZLQJVDVZHGRWRGD\-HZLVK6SDFH LVXQLTXHLQWKDWWKHVHHQYLURQPHQWVDUHWH[WXDOLQRULJLQ,QVWUXF- tions are found in written form and manifest in spatial production as Torah is observed. This project examines this concept architec- turally within the Israeli context. $VWKLVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWDNHVSODFHIURPWH[WWROLYHGWR EXLOWFHUWDLQUHRFFXUULQJWKHPHVHPHUJH)LUVWO\+HEUHZVFULSWXUH ABSTRACT creates a dichotomy between two symbolic landscapes: Desert and &LW\1H[WWLPHDQGVSDFHQHJRWLDWHDVLVVXHVRIWHPSRUDOLW\FDXVH DFWXDOVSDFHVDVZHOODVLGHDVDERXWVSDFHWRDSSURSULDWHDQGHV- WDEOLVKLGHQWLW\:LWKLQWKHVHODUJHUWKHPHVDJUHDWGHDORIFRQFHUQ VXUURXQGVWKHÁX[RIERXQGDULHVEHWZHHQSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHDQG VDFUHGDQGSURIDQHGRPDLQV7KHVHWKHPHVDUHH[DPLQHGWKURXJK GLIIHUHQWSUDFWLFHVRI-XGDLVPSULPDULO\WKH6XNNDKDWHPSRUDU\ GZHOOLQJFRQVWUXFWHGDVSDUWRIWKHIHDVWRI6XNNRWWKHFRQVWUXFWHG ZRUNVRIWKHWDEHUQDFOHDQGWHPSOHVDQGWKHXUEDQVSDFHRIWKH (UXYDUDEELQLFDODFWWKDWH[WHQGVWKHUHDOPRISULYDWHVSDFHRQ 6KDEEDW7KLVSURMHFWFXOPLQDWHVLQWKHGHVLJQRIDQ$EVRUSWLRQ &HQWHUIRUQHZ,VUDHOLLPPLJUDQWV7KHUHVHDUFKEHKLQGWKLVZRUN GUDZVIURPP\RZQH[SHULHQFHVDVDQLPPLJUDQWWR,VUDHODQGD series of articles written by Jewish and Israeli architects with the LQWHQWRIOHDUQLQJKRZWRFUHDWHDQDUFKLWHFWXUHWKDWIDFLOLWDWHVWKH production of Israeli Jewish Space. -XOLD%UDXFK$QQD/LSSKDUGWDQG$OH[DQGUD1RFNHHG-HZLVK7RSRJUDSKLHV9LVLRQV RI6SDFH7UDGLWLRQVRI3ODFH 9HUPRQW$VKJDWH3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\ S 3 7KLVZRUNKDVEHHQDODERURIORYHFUHDWHGE\DQXUVLQJPRWKHU $&.12:/('*0(176 VSDQQLQJZDWHUVFRQWLQHQWVDQGFXOWXUHV:LWKWUHPHQGRXVJUDWL- WXGH,WKDQNP\KXVEDQG'HYLQIRULQYLWLQJPHWRVKDUHWKLVJUHDW MRXUQH\RIPDUULDJHDQGOLIHLQ,VUDHO7KDQN\RXWRRXUSUHFLRXV VRQ$YLHOVLPSO\IRUEHLQJ\RXDQGLQVSLULQJPHWRÀQLVK7RP\ SDUHQWV-HUU\DQG/LQGDWKDQN\RXIRUVHHLQJP\FUHDWLYHJLIWVDW D\RXQJDJHDQGHQFRXUDLQJPHWRSXUVXHP\GUHDPV7KDQN\RX WRP\,VUDHOLQHLJKERUVZKRKDYHZHOFRPHGPHDVD5XWKWKHODQG 0D\\RXDOOEHEOHVVHGE\WKHZRUNRIP\KDQGV3UDLVHDQGJORU\ WRWKH*RGRI$EUDKDP,VDDFDQG-DFREDQGP\0HVVLDK<HVKXD ZKRKDVJLYHQPHVDOYDWLRQDQGKRSH Todah Raba Callie Narron Mitchell 6 7 -(:,6+63$&(&DOOLH1DUURQ0LWFKHOO )LJ 8 9 ABSTRACT 3 $&.12:/('*0(176 7 CONTENTS /,672),//8675$7,216 INTRODUCTION What is Jewish Space? 16 352%/(0 'HÀQLQJDQG'HVLJQLQJ-HZLVK6SDFH,Q,VUDHO BACKGROUND 6\PEROLF/DQGVFDSHV'HVHUWDQG&LW\ The City: A Cultivated Garden A Space for a Sukkah CONTENTS )LQGLQJ'HVHUW&LW\LQ<DG9DVKHP 7HPSRUDOLW\$SSURSULDWLRQDQG,GHQWLW\ 7KDW,PLJKW'ZHOO$PRQJ7KHP)URP 68 Tabernacle to Temple Set Apart: Borders and Boundaries 76 (;3/25$7,21 'HVLJQ3URSRVDO %,%/,2*5$3+< $33(1',; Matrix of Jewish Activities 11 INTRODUCTION What is Jewish Space? /DUU\5LYHUV+LVWRU\RI0DW]RK7KH6WRU\RIWKH-HZLVK 3HRSOH3DUW,,, 3KRWRJUDSKSXUFKDVHGE\'HYLQ0LWFKHOO-HUXVDOHP,VUDHO $ULHO-HUR]ROLPVNL´1RZDQG7KHQµ7KH-HUXVDOHP3RVW 7KH%DWWOHIRU-HUXVDOHP 0D\ $ULHO-HUR]ROLPVNL´1RZDQG7KHQµ7KH-HUXVDOHP3RVW 7KH%DWWOHIRU-HUXVDOHP 0D\ :HQG\.RKQ¶:HVWHUQ:DOO3UHFLQFW·0RVKH6DIGLH *UHDW%ULWDLQ$FDGHP\(GLWLRQV S -HUU\1DUURQ'HYLQDQG$YLHODWWKH:DLOLQJ:DOO 3KRWRJUDSK-HUXVDOHP,VUDHO ZZZLQGHSHQGHQWFRXNQHZVZRUOGPLGGOHHDVWVLQIXO FLW\EXVHVVWRQHGE\XOWUDRUWKRGR[MHZVKWPO /,672),//8675$7,216 %$&.*5281'6\PEROLF/DQGVFDSHV'HVHUWDQG&LW\ /HVVHU8U\0RVHV6HHVWKH3URPLVHG/DQG%HIRUH+LV 'HDWK-HZLVK0XVHXP%HUOLQ 1HJHY KWWSZZZGHSURJUDPSURJUDPFRPMHIIHUVRQDQGWKHEDUEDULDQV -HUU\1DUURQ7KH2OG&LW\3KRWRJUDSK-HUXVDOHP Israel A Space for a Sukkah 3.1 19th Century Austrian Sukkah KWWSZZZHQJOLVKLPMQHWRUJLOKWPOVSRSXS DVS["F EVS 'LDJUDPRIWK&HQWXU\$XVWULDQ6XNNDK$XWKRU·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stem.html &DOOLH1DUURQ0LWFKHOO0HUDVKDULP6XNNDK3KRWR- $GDSWDWLRQRIGLDJUDPIURP JUDSK-HUXVDOHP,VUDHO KWWSZZZPHDWLQGXHVHDVRQRUJZDUQRFNRUIXOOYLHZVROVWHPKWPO &DOOLH1DUURQ0LWFKHOO0HUDVKDULP6XNNDK3KRWR- $GDSWDWLRQRIGLDJUDPIURP JUDSK-HUXVDOHP,VUDHO KWWSZZZPHDWLQGXHVHDVRQRUJZDUQRFNRUIXOOYLHZVROVWHPKWPO )LQGLQJ'HVHUW&LW\LQ<DG9DVKHP Set Apart: Borders and Boundaries 9LHZRIWKH0HPRULDO&RPSOH[ (UXY'LDJUDP$XWKRU·VRZQ KWWSZZZPVDIGLHFRPSURMHFWV\DGYDVKHPKRORFDXVWKLVWRU\PXVHXP 0LQ\DQ'LDJUDP$XWKRU·VRZQ &RQFUHWH,QWHULRU 6XNNDK'LDJUDP$XWKRU·VRZQ KWWSZZZPVDIGLHFRPSURMHFWV\DGYDVKHPKRORFDXVWKLVWRU\PXVHXP 0H]X]DK'LDJUDP$XWKRU·VRZQ 9LHZRI-HUXVDOHP 0LNYDK'LDJUDP$XWKRU·VRZQ KWWSZZZPVDIGLHFRPSURMHFWV\DGYDVKHPKRORFDXVWKLVWRU\PXVHXP $33(1',;0DWUL[RI-HZLVK$FWLYLWLHV 7HPSRUDOLW\$SSURSULDWLRQVDQG,GHQWLW\ A.1 Sukkah 5HXYHQ5XELQ7KH+HDYHQO\-HUXVDOHP &DOOLH1DUURQ0LWFKHOO0HUDVKDULP6XNNDK3KRWR- 5LGLQJ%LNHVRQ<RP.LSSXU JUDSK-HUXVDOHP,VUDHO KWWSZZZPDWKWRURQWRHGXaGURUEQ*DOOHU\-HUXVDOHP<RP.LS- $&KXSSDK SXU7UDIÀFBMSJ $PDQGD'HQJOHU&KXSSDK3KRWRJUDSK:LOPLQJWRQ1& A.3 Mikvah 7KDW,PLJKW'ZHOO$PRQJ7KHP7DEHUQDFOHWR7HPSOH $.LSSD -HUU\1DUURQ'HYLQDQG$YLHODWWKH:DLOLQJ:DOO -DPHV)HUJXVVRQ7KH7HPSOHVRIWKH-HZVDQGWKH2WKHU 3KRWRJUDSK-HUXVDOHP,VUDHO %XLOGLQJVLQWKH+DUHP$UHDDW-HUXVDOHP /RQGRQ-0XUUD\ $0LQ\DQ S $0H]X]DK -DPHV)HUJXVVRQ7KH7HPSOHVRIWKH-HZVDQGWKH2WKHU A.7 Shabbat %XLOGLQJVLQWKH+DUHP$UHDDW-HUXVDOHP /RQGRQ-0XUUD\ A.8 Eruv S $GDSWDWLRQRIGLDJUDPIURP -DPHV)HUJXVVRQ7KH7HPSOHVRIWKH-HZVDQGWKH2WKHU%XLOGLQJV LQWKH+DUHP$UHDDW-HUXVDOHP /RQGRQ-0XUUD\ S )ROORZLQJDFORXGE\GD\DQGÀUHE\QLJKWIRUIRUW\\HDUV DJUHDWQDWLRQZDQGHUHGLQWKHGHVHUW'XULQJWKLVWLPHRIGZHOO- INTRODUCTION What is Jewish Space? LQJEHWZHHQWKH place RI(J\SWZKHUHWKH\ZHUHKHOGDVVODYHV and the placeRI,VUDHOWKHODQGSURPLVHGWRWKHLUIRUHIDWKHUV*RG UHYHDOHGWKH7RUDK³+LVLQVWUXFWLRQVIRUOLYLQJZHOO$V7RUDK REVHUYDQFHLVSXWLQWRGDLO\SUDFWLFHWKHUK\WKPRI-HZLVKOLIH LQÁXHQFHVWKHspaces in which the people live. 16 17 Jewish SpaceDQHZFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHÀHOGRI-HZLVK6WXGLHVFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGDV ´6SDWLDOHQYLURQPHQWVLQZKLFK-HZLVKWKLQJVKDSSHQµ1 -XOLD%UDXFK$QQD/LSSKDUGWDQG$OH[DQGUD1RFNHHG-HZLVK7RSRJUDSKLHV9LVLRQV 18 RI6SDFH7UDGLWLRQVRI3ODFH 9HUPRQW$VKJDWH3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\ S 19 Jewish Space is produced in correlation with the activity of the user. This is compared to a Jewish Place, which implies a JHRJUDSKLFORFDWLRQEretz IsraelRUWKHODQGRI,VUDHOLVDJew- ish PlaceZKLFKKDVEHHQVSDWLDOL]LQJDVORFDWLRQDQGSHUIRUPDQFH FRQYHUJHWKURXJKWKHUHWXUQRI-HZLVKSHRSOH )LJ3UD\LQJDWWKH:HVWHUQ:DOOEHIRUHWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHVWDWHRI,VUDHO )LJ([LVLWLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQZDVUHPRYHGIURPWKH )LJ$ÁDWJURXQGSODQHZDVFRQVWUXFWHGDGMDFHQW )LJ7KHSUHFLQFWLVQRZXVHGIRU1DWLRQDOFHOHEUD )LJ7KH:DOOUHPDLQVDVSDFHIRUSHUVRQDO site after the Six Day War of 1967. to the wall. WLRQVERWKSROLWLFDODQGUHOLJLRXV times of prayer. Sacred Jewish PlacesVXFKDVWKH:HVWHUQ:DOORI7HPSOH 0RXQWEHFRPHJewish SpacesWKURXJKWKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIWKH-HZ LVKSHRSOH2QFHVLPSO\DQDQFLHQWUHWDLQLQJZDOOWKLVVLWHEHFDPH D+RO\VLWHIRUWKH-HZLVKSHRSOH%HLQJWKHFORVHVWDFFHVVWKH SHRSOHKDGWR7HPSOH0RXQWWKLVplace took on the characteristics RIDV\QRJRJXHDQGLVQRZDspaceIRUSUD\HUEDUPLW]YDKVDQG FHOHEUDWLRQVGXULQJWKH+RO\'D\V 6HH)LJV 2QDGLIIHUHQWVFDOHVHHPLQJO\FRPPRQVSDFHVRIWKH¶HY HU\GD\·FDQWDNHRQVDFUHGPHDQLQJ$VHDWRQWKH(JJHG-HUXVD OHP·VFLW\EXVEHFRPHVXQLTXHO\-HZLVKZKHQD\RXQJRUWKRGR[ ZRPDQXVHVLWDVDVSDFHIRUUHDGLQJSUD\HUERRNVUHFLWLQJVFULS WXUHDQGGRYHWLQJZLWKWKHÁRZRIWUDIÀF )LJ2UWKRGR[-HZVJDWKHUHGDWDEXVVWRSLQ-HUXVDOHP 'RYHWLQJLVDVZD\LQJOLNHPRWLRQSHUIRUPHGGXULQJSUD\HUWKDWV\PEROL]HVEHQGLQJDW the knee in reference to God. 7KLVWKHVLVVHHNVWRGHÀQHDQGGHYHORSD-HZLVK,VUDHOL DUFKLWHFWXUH&RQVLGHULQJWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHXVHUJURXSDQDWLRQ IRUPHGRXWRIWKHDVKHVRIWKH+RORFDXVWLQLWLDOO\LWVHHPVÀWWLQJWR XVHWKHSULQFLSOHVRI&ULWLFDO5HJLRQDOLVPHPSOR\LQJDUFKLWHFWXUH DVDDQHPDQFLSDWRU\DQGLGHQWLW\GHÀQLQJDJHQW1+RZHYHUWKH SUREOHPRIXWLOL]LQJWKHSULQFLSOHVRIFULWLFDOUHJLRQDOLVPLVWZR IROG)LUVWO\VLQFHWKH-HZLVKSHRSOHZHUHYDFDQWIURPWKH/DQGRI ,VUDHOIRUPRUHWKDQ\HDUVWKH-HZLVKYHUQDFXODUDUFKLWHFWXUH in Israel mostly exists in ruins. These ruins are often covered in historical layers of architectural movements developed by various 352%/(0'HÀQLQJDQG'HVLJQLQJ-HZLVK6SDFH,Q,VUDHO FLYLOL]DWLRQVWKDWRFFXSLHGWKHODQGGXULQJWKH-HZLVKGLVSHUVDO 1H[WWKH-HZLVKSHRSOHKDYHEHHQUHWXUQLQJWR,VUDHOIURPYDULRXV JHRJUDSKLFORFDWLRQVLQWKHGLDVSRUD7KLVKDVEURXJKWDPL[WXUH RIGHVLJQDHVWKHWLFVDVZHOODVYDULDWLRQVLQODQJXDJHIRRGPXVLF DQGRWKHUDVSHFWVRIFXOWXUH7KHVHIDFWRUVSUHVHQWFKDOOHQJHVLQ ÀQGLQJDXQLÀHG´ERWWRPXSµDSSURDFKWRGHYHORSLQJDQ,VUDHOL DUFKLWHFWXUHDQGPDNHVWKHSUDFWLFHRIREVHUYLQJWKHYHUQDFXODU GLIÀFXOW,QWKLVFDVHKRZLVWKHDUFKLWHFWXUHRI,VUDHOGHÀQHG" 7KHDUFKLWHFWVHHNLQJWRGHYHORSDQDUFKLWHFWXUDOUHVSRQVH that is sensitive to the culture of the people must start elsewhere. This is where the concept