INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS This page intentionally left blank INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS EDITED BY LAWRENCE I. GILBERT SARJEET S. GILL Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press, 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BU, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA ª 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved The chapters first appeared in Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, edited by Lawrence I. Gilbert, Kostas Iatrou, and Sarjeet S. Gill (Elsevier, B.V. 2005). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) 1865 843830, fax (þ44) 1865 853333, e-mail [email protected]. Requests may also be completed on-line via the homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect control : biological and synthetic agents / editors-in-chief: Lawrence I. Gilbert, Sarjeet S. Gill. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests–Control. 2. Insecticides. I. Gilbert, Lawrence I. (Lawrence Irwin), 1929- II. Gill, Sarjeet S. SB931.I42 2010 632’.7–dc22 2010010547 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 Cover Images: (Top Left) Important pest insect targeted by neonicotinoid insecticides: Sweet-potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; (Top Right) Control (bottom) and tebufenozide intoxicated by ingestion (top) larvae of the white tussock moth, from Chapter 4; (Bottom) Mode of action of Cry1A toxins, from Addendum A7. This book is printed on acid-free paper Printed and bound in China CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors ix-x 1 Pyrethroids 1 B P S Khambay and P J Jewess A1 Addendum: Pyrethroid Insecticides and Resistance Mechanisms 30 J Vontas, H Ranson, and M S Williamson 2 Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel Blocker Insecticides: Chemistry, Physiology, and Biology in Insects 35 K D Wing, J T Andaloro, S F McCann, and V L Salgado A2 Addendum: Indoxacarb and the Sodium Channel Blockers: Chemistry, Physiology, and Biology in Insects 58 V L Salgado 3 Neonicotinoid Insecticides 61 P Jeschke and R Nauen A3 Addendum: The Neonicotinoid Insecticides 114 P Jeschke and R Nauen 4 Insect Growth- and Development-Disrupting Insecticides 121 T S Dhadialla, A Retnakaran, and G Smagghe A4 Addendum: Recent Progress on Mode of Action of 20-Hydroxyecdysone, Juvenile Hormone (JH), Non-Steroidal Ecdysone Agonist and JH Analog Insecticides 182 T S Dhadialla 5 Azadirachtin, a Natural Product in Insect Control 185 A J Mordue (Luntz), E D Morgan, and A J Nisbet A5 Addendum: Azadirachtin, A Natural Product in Insect Control: An Update 204 A J Mordue (Luntz), E D Morgan, and A J Nisbet 6 The Spinosyns: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Mode of Action, and Resistance 207 V L Salgado and T C Sparks A6 Addendum: The Spinosyns 244 T C Sparks, G B Watson, and J E Dripps 7 Bacillus thuringiensis: Mechanisms and Use 247 A Bravo, M Sobero´ n, and S S Gill A7 Addendum: Bacillus thuringiensis, with Resistance Mechanisms 278 A Bravo, M Sobero´ n, and S S Gill vi Contents 8 Mosquitocidal Bacillus sphaericus: Toxins, Genetics, Mode of Action, Use, and Resistance Mechanisms 283 J-F Charles, I Darboux, D Pauron, and C Nielsen-Leroux A8 Addendum: Bacillus sphaericus Taxonomy and Genetics 308 C Berry and M H N L Silva Filha 9 Insecticidal Toxins from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus 313 R H ffrench-Constant, N Waterfield, and P Daborn A9 Addendum: Recent Advances in Photorhabdus Toxins 328 A J Dowling, P A Wilkinson, and R H ffrench-Constant 10 Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest Insect Control 331 S G Kamita, K-D Kang, B D Hammock, and A B Inceoglu A10 Addendum: Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest Insect Control 383 S G Kamita, K-D Kang, A B Inceoglu, and B D Hammock 11 Entomopathogenic Fungi and their Role in Regulation of Insect Populations 387 M S Goettel, J Eilenberg, and T Glare A11 Addendum: Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Role in Regulation of Insect Populations, 2004–2009 432 T R Glare, M S Goettel, and J Eilenberg 12 Insect Transformation for Use in Control 439 P W Atkinson, D A O’Brochta, and A S Robinson A12 Addendum: Insect Transformation for Use in Control 447 P W Atkinson Subject Index 451 PREFACE When Elsevier published the seven-volume series Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science in 2005, the original series was targeted mainly at libraries and larger institutions. While this gave access to researchers and students of those institutions, it has left open the opportunity for an individual volume on a popular area in entomology: insect control. Such a volume is of considerable value to an additional audience in the insect research community — individuals who either had not had access to the larger work or desired a more focused treatment of these topics. As two of the three editors of the Comprehensive series, we felt that it was time to update the field of insect control by providing an updated volume targeted specifically at professional researchers and students. In editing the original series, we expended a great deal of effort in finding the best available authors for each of those chapters. In most instances, authors who contributed to Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science also provided updates on Insect Control. The authors carefully reviewed recent data and cited the most relevant literature. We as coeditors reviewed and edited the final addenda. The chapters incorporate all major insecticide classes in use for insect control, with the exception of organophosphates and carbamates. Pyrethroids continue to contribute to insect control in agriculture, and more recently have seen increased use in bed nets for the control of mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, and an update is provided in the addendum to ‘‘Pyrethroid Insecticides and Resistance Mechan- isms.’’ The chapters ‘‘Neonicotinoid Insecticides,’’ ‘‘Indoxycarb – Chemistry, Mode of Action, Use and Resistance,’’ ‘‘Spinosyns,’’ and ‘‘Insect Growth Regulators and Development Disrupting Insecticides’’ cover newer classes of insecticides in use. ‘‘Azadirachtin, a Natural Product in Insect Control’’ deals with a plant extract that has also seen increased use. A number of chapters deal with viral, bacterial, and fungal control of insects, and these topics are discussed in the chapters titled ‘‘Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest Insect Control,’’ ‘‘Bacillus thuringiensis, with Resistance Mechanisms,’’ ‘‘Bacillus sphaericus Taxonomy and Genetics,’’ and ‘‘Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Role in Regulation of Insect Populations.’’ Finally, ‘‘Insect Transformation’’ outlines critical issues on using transformed insects for control programs. Addi- tional chapters of interest are also available in a companion volume titled Insect Pharmacology. Several years of effort was expended by both of us and our colleagues in choosing topics for the seven- volume series, in the selection of authors, and in the editing of the original manuscripts and galley proofs. Each and every chapter in those volumes was important, and even essential, to make it a ‘‘Comprehensive’’ series. Nevertheless, we feel strongly that having this volume with the updated material and many references on these important aspects of insect control will be of great help to professional insect biologists, to graduate students conducting research for advanced degrees, and even to undergraduate research students contem- plating an advanced degree in insect science. – LAWRENCE I. GILBERT, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill – SARJEET S. GILL, Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside This page intentionally left blank CONTRIBUTORS J T Andaloro S S Gill E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Newark, DE, USA University of California, Riverside, USA P W Atkinson T R Glare University of California, Riverside, CA, USA Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand C Berry Cardiff University Park Place, Wales, UK M S Goettel Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, A Bravo Canada Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico B D Hammock University of California, Davis, USA J-F Charles Institut Pasteur, Paris, France A B Inceoglu University of California, Davis, USA P Daborn University of Bath, Bath, UK P Jeschke Bayer CropScience AG, Monheim am Rhein, I Darboux Germany INRA, Sophia Antipolis, France P J Jewess T S Dhadialla Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Hertfordshire, UK IN, USA S G Kamita A J Dowling University of California, Davis, USA University of Exeter in Cornwall, Tremough Campus, Penryn, UK B P S Khambay Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, J E Dripps Hertfordshire, UK Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA K-D Kang J Eilenberg University of California, Davis, USA University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark S F McCann E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Newark, DE, R H ffrench-Constant USA University of Exeter in Cornwall, Tremough Campus, Penryn, UK A J Mordue (Luntz) University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK