PARKS The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation Developing capacity for a protected planet Issue 23.2 NOVEMBER 2017 PARKS is published electronically twice a year by IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas. For more informaon see: parksjournal.com PARKS is published to strengthen internaonal collaboraon in protected area development and management by: exchanging informaon on praccal management issues, especially learning from case studies of applied ideas; serving as a global forum for discussing new and emerging issues that relate to protected areas; promong understanding of the values and benefits derived from protected areas to communies, visitors, business etc; ensuring that protected areas fulfill their primary role in nature conservaon while addressing crical issues such as ecologically sustainable development, social jusce and climate change adaptaon and migaon; changing and improving protected area support and behaviour through use of informaon provided in the journal; and promong IUCN’s work on protected areas. Managing Editor: Professor Marc Hockings, Australia: Emeritus Professor, University of Queensland; IUCN WCPA Vice -Chair for Science and Management of Protected Areas; Senior Fellow, UNEP-World Conservaon Monitoring Centre Co‐Editors: Helen Newing, Sarah Casson, Bas Verschuuren, Olivier Chassot, John Waithaka Editorial Board Members Professor B.C. Choudhury, India: Rered Scienst (Endangered Species Management Specialist), IUCN Wildlife Instute of India; Coordinator of IUCN's Trevor Sandwith, Switzerland: Director, IUCN Global Naonal Commiee in India Protected Areas Programme Dr Helen Newing, UK: Formerly of the Durrell Instute Dr Tom Brooks, Switzerland: Head, IUCN Science & of Conservaon and Ecology (DICE), University of Knowledge Unit Kent Dr Kent Redford, USA: Former Director of the Wildlife IUCN‐WCPA Steering Commiee Members Conservaon Society (WCS) Instute and Vice Cyril Komos, USA: Vice President for Policy, WILD President, Conservaon Strategies at the WCS in Foundaon; IUCN WCPA Vice-Chair for World New York; principal at Archipelago Consulng Heritage Sue Stolton, UK: Partner Equilibrium Research, IUCN Dr Kathy MacKinnon, UK: Chair IUCN WCPA; Former WCPA Lead Biodiversity Specialist at the World Bank Dr Bas Verschuuren, The Netherlands: Associate John Waithaka, Kenya: Regional Vice‐Chair for Eastern Researcher: Department of Sociology of and Southern Africa Development and Change, Wageningen University ; Co-Chair, IUCN WCPA Specialist Group on Cultural External Experts and Spiritual Values of Protected Areas Dr Ernesto Enkerlin Hoeflich, Mexico: Dean for Dr Eduard Müller, Costa Rica: Rector, Universidad para Sustainable Development at Monterrey Tech; former la Cooperación Internacional President of the Naonal Commission on Natural Sarah Casson, USA: WILD Foundaon; IUCN WCPA Protected Areas of Mexico, former Chair of IUCN Wilderness Specialist Group Manager WCPA Olivier Chassot, Costa Rica: Execuve Director, Nikita (Nik) Lopoukhine, Canada: Former Director MigraMar General of Naonal Parks, Parks Canada; former Chair of IUCN WCPA Thanks to: Miller Design for layout advice and front Dr Thora Amend, Peru: Advisor for protected areas and cover picture producon. Patricia Odio Yglesias and people in development contexts; member of IUCN's Sarah LaBrasca for abstract translaons. Caroline Snow WCPA, TILCEPA and Protected Landscape Task Force for proofreading. And to all the reviewers who so diligently helped in the producon of this issue. The designaon of geographical enes in this journal, and the presentaon of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authories, or concerning the delimitaon of its froners or boundaries. The views expressed in this publicaon do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. IUCN does not take any responsibility for errors or omissions occurring in the translaons in this document whose original version is in English. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2017 Internaonal Union for Conservaon of Nature and Natural Resources Reproducon of this publicaon for educaonal or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior wrien permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproducon of this publicaon for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior wrien permission of the copyright holder. Citaon: IUCN WCPA (2017). PARKS. The Internaonal Journal of Protected Areas and Conservaon, Volume 23.2, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISSN: ISSN 2411-2119 (Online), ISSN 0960-233X (Print) DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.PARKS-23-2.en Cover photo: Adopon of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, Photo by Franz Dejon, IISD/ENB (enb.iisd.org/biodiv/cop10/) Eding: Marc Hockings, Sarah Casson, Helen Newing , Bas Verschuuren, John Waithaka, Olivier Chassot Layout by: Marc Hockings, IUCN WCPA Available from: IUCN (Internaonal Union for Conservaon of Nature) Global Programme on Protected Areas Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 parksjournal.com iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/publicaons/parks-journal IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN DEFINES A PROTECTED AREA AS: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effecve means, to achieve the long‐term conservaon of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definion is expanded by six management categories VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural (one with a sub-division), summarized below. resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity and with associated cultural values and tradional natural also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in where human visitaon, use and impacts are controlled a natural condion, with a proporon under sustainable and limited to ensure protecon of the conservaon natural resource management and where low-level non- values. industrial natural resource use compable with nature Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly conservaon is seen as one of the main aims. modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human The category should be based around the primary habitaon, protected and managed to preserve their management objecve(s), which should apply to at least natural condion. three-quarters of the protected area – the 75 per cent rule. II Naonal park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecng large-scale ecological processes with characterisc species and ecosystems, which also have The management categories are applied with a typology of environmentally and culturally compable spiritual, governance types – a descripon of who holds authority and scienfic, educaonal, recreaonal and visitor responsibility for the protected area. opportunies. III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea IUCN defines four governance types. mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a cave, Governance by government: Federal or naonal ministry/ or a living feature such as an ancient grove. agency in charge; sub-naonal ministry/agency in charge; IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) parcular species or habitats, where management reflects Shared governance: Collaborave management (various this priority. Many will need regular, acve intervenons degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist to meet the needs of parcular species or habitats, but management board; transboundary management (various this is not a requirement of the category. levels across internaonal borders) V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interacon of Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit people and nature over me has produced a disnct organisaons (NGOs, universies, cooperaves); by for- character with significant ecological, biological, cultural profit organsaons (individuals or corporate) and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of Governance by indigenous peoples and local communies: this interacon is vital to protecng and sustaining the Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; area and its associated nature conservaon and other community conserved areas – declared and run by local values. communies For more informaon on the IUCN definion, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories IUCN WCPA’S BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Pracce Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritave resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboraon among specialist praconers dedicated to supporng beer implementaon in the field, they disl learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building instuonal and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effecvely, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in pracce. They also assist naonal governments, protected area agencies, nongovernmental organisaons, communies and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convenon on Biological Diversity’s Programme