Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Nicole De Letter Children’s Literature & the Retranslation Hypothesis The Rose and the Ring Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in het Vertalen 2015 Promotor Dr. Ruud Ryckaert Vakgroep Vertalen Tolken Communicatie ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Ruud Ryckaert for his patient guidance, encouragement and advice throughout the course of writing this paper. I would like to thank him first and foremost for giving me the opportunity to develop my own ideas and for the time he invested in reading through my texts. In addition, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Sonia Vandepitte for her professional linguistic advice. A heartfelt thank you to my husband for his unrelenting faith in me. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF IMAGES ................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. 9 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 10 2 RESEARCH QUESTION, AIM AND EXPECTED RESULTS ................................... 12 2.1 Research question ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Aim of this study .............................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Expected results ................................................................................................................ 13 3 CHILDREN’S LITERATURE ........................................................................................ 15 3.1 A complex genre .............................................................................................................. 15 3.2 A subgenre: the fairy tale ................................................................................................. 17 3.3 The status of children’s literature ..................................................................................... 20 3.4 Classical children’s literature ........................................................................................... 23 3.5 Crossover children’s literature ......................................................................................... 24 4 THE ROSE AND THE RING .......................................................................................... 26 4.1 The author: William Makepeace Thackeray .................................................................... 26 4.2 The story ........................................................................................................................... 29 4.3 The Dutch (re)translators ................................................................................................. 31 5 DOMESTICATION VERSUS FOREIGNIZATION: AN ONGOING DEBATE ...... 33 6 RETRANSLATION .......................................................................................................... 36 6.1 Retranslation: A definition ............................................................................................... 36 6.2 Retranslation Hypothesis .................................................................................................. 37 7 CULTURE-BOUND ELEMENTS .................................................................................. 42 7.1 Names: A special kind of culture-bound element ............................................................ 43 7.2 Character names in children’s literature ........................................................................... 44 8 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 46 9 ANALYSIS OF THE ROSE AND THE RING AND FOUR DUTCH (RE)TRANSLATIONS ............................................................................................ 54 5 9.1 Fictional names ................................................................................................................ 55 9.2 Cultural geography ........................................................................................................... 65 9.3 Natural geography ............................................................................................................ 70 9.4 Ethnography ..................................................................................................................... 77 9.5 History .............................................................................................................................. 84 9.6 Society .............................................................................................................................. 90 9.6.1 Industrial level and economy ............................................................................. 90 9.6.2 Social organisation ............................................................................................ 94 9.6.3 Politics ............................................................................................................... 99 9.6.4 Social conditions ............................................................................................. 101 9.6.5 Way of life and customs .................................................................................. 106 9.7 Culture ............................................................................................................................ 123 9.8 Final results .................................................................................................................... 133 10 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 144 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 149 Appendix A: Complete list of all culture-bound elements found in the source text ............ 149 Appendix B: Nedergaard-Larsen’s classification (1993) for culture-bound elements......... 161 Appendix C: Thackeray’s drawings for the Rose and the Ring ........................................... 162 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Compiled classification of culture-bound elements based on Nedergaard-Larsen (1993). ........................................................................................................ 47-48 Table 2. Twenty-one translation strategies divided into Van Poucke’s larger fields. ............ 52 Table 3. 100% and 50% of all culture-bound elements extracted from the ST in seven categories. ......................................................................................... 54 Table 4. Total number of translation strategies for Fictional Names divided into Van Poucke’s larger fields. ............................................................................. 63 Table 5. Lindo’s DF for Fictional Names. ............................................................................. 63 Table 6. Van der Hoeve’s DF for Fictional Names. ............................................................... 63 Table 7. Blom’s DF for Fictional Names. .............................................................................. 63 Table 8. Foppema’s DF for Fictional Names. ........................................................................ 64 Table 9. RH does not apply based on Fictional Names only. ................................................ 64 Table 10. Total number of translation strategies for Cultural Geography divided into Van Poucke’s larger fields. ............................................................................. 68 Table 11. Lindo’s DF for Cultural Geography. ...................................................................... 68 Table 12. Van der Hoeve’s DF for Cultural Geography. ....................................................... 68 Table 13. Blom’s DF for Cultural Geography. ...................................................................... 68 Table 14. Foppema’s DF for Cultural Geography. ................................................................ 68 Table 15. RH does not apply based on Cultural Geography only. ......................................... 69 Table 16. Total number of translation strategies for Natural Geography divided into Van Poucke’s larger fields. ............................................................................. 75 Table 17. Lindo’s DF for Natural Geography. ....................................................................... 75 Table 18. Van der Hoeve’s DF for Natural Geography. ........................................................ 75 Table 19. Blom’s DF for Natural Geography. ....................................................................... 75 Table 20. Foppema’s DF for Natural Geography. ................................................................. 75 Table 21. RH does not apply based on Natural Geography only. .......................................... 76 Table 22. Total number of translation strategies for Ethnography divided into Van Poucke’s larger fields. ............................................................................. 82 Table