Kajian Mandiri: Indonesia dan Asia Tengah: Sebuah Upaya Penguatan Diplomasi Ekonomi Pusat Pengkajlan dan Pengembangan Kebljakan Kawasan Asla.Paslftk dan Afrika Badan Pengkajlan dan Pengembangan Kebljakan Kementerlan Luar Negerl Republlk Indonesia 2016 Kajian Mandiri: Indonesia dan Asia Tengah: Sebuah Upaya Penguatan Diplomasi Ekonomi Pertama diterbitkan di Indonesia Tahun 2016 oleh: Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia-Pasifik dan Afrika Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia Jalan Taman Pejambon no.6 OK! Jakarta, Jakarta Pusat 10110 Indonesia Email: [email protected] Editor: Mohamad Hery Saripudin M.A., et al. Cover Design: Haidi N.H Layout: Muhammad Iqbal Maulana 102016 Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Kawasan Asia-Pasifik dan Afrika Fakta dan Opini yang diekspresikan dalam Kajian Sepenuhnya Merupakan Hasil lnterpretasi dan Tanggung Jawab Tim Peneliti dan Tidak Serta Merta Mencerminkan Pandangan Ataupun Kebijakan Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia DAFTARISI DAFTAR lSI. .......... oo ................oo . .................... .................................00 ••••••••••00 •••••••• 00 ••.i DAFTAR GRAFIK ... oo ... 000 ••• 00 ••• 000 •• 000 •• 000 ••• 00 •• 0000.000 •• 0000.0000.00000. oo· 00 00 •• oo .. 000000000.00 •• 0000.000.000. oo•. oo• iv DAFTAR TABEL ............ ............ ................................... ...... oo··········oo······oo••oo······oooo•········v KATA PENGANTAR oo···oo···oo··•oooooooooo•oo···oo···oo···oo····oo···oo··oooo.. oo.. oo .. oo ....oo ... oo.. oo.. oo .. oo ..oooooooooooo vi RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIF oooo .. oo .. oooooooooooooo•oo···oo····oo····oo••oooooooo••oo···oo···oo•oooo•oo••·ooooooooooooooooooooo x BAB I PENDAHULUAN 00 ••• 00 •• 00 •••• 00 ••• 00 •• 00 ••• 00 ••• oo ...... 00 •••• oo ...0000.00 ••• 00 •• 000.000 •• 0000 000.0000.00 ••• oo· 000 ••1 A. LA TAR BELAKANG ooooooooooooooo••oo········oo······oo•oo••oooo•oo···oo·•ooooooo••oooooooooooooooo.. 1 B. RUMUSAN MASALAH ..... ..0000 •• 00 ••• 00 ••• 000 •••• 00 000 •• 0000 •• 00 ••000 •• 000.000.000 •• 000.0000 0000•• 4 C. TUJUAN DAN SASARAN KAJIAN 00 00 000000 0000 0000 0000 000000 0000 0000000000 0000 000000 000000 00 00 4 D. METODE PENGKAJIAN oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo5 E. SISTEMATIKA PENULISAN ooooooooooooooooooooooOOooooOOOOOOooOOooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo6 BAB II SELAYANG PANDANG KAWASAN ASIA TENGAH ..................................................... 7 A. PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 7 B. PEMETAAN GEOPOLITIK KAWASAN ASIA TENGAH ............................... 10 C. KERJA SAMA REGIONAL DI ASIA TENGAH ........................................... 15 C. 1. EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION (EAEU) ........................................... 15 C.2. ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (ECO) ........................ 19 C.3. SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO) ......................... 22 C.4. ASIA COOPERATION DIALOGUE (ACD) .......................................... 24 C.4. CENTRAL ASIA REGIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION (CAREC) ....27 D. KONEKTIVITAS KAWASAN ASIA TENGAH .............................................. 30 D.1. KONEKTIVITAS DARAT ................................................................ 30 D.2. KONEKTIVITAS UDARA................................................................ 33 D.3. KONEKTIVITAS LAUT ................................................................... 36 E. KESIMPULAN ......................................................................................... 39 BAB III POTENSI EKONOMI KAWASAN ASIA TENGAH ...................................................... 41 A. ENERGI DAN MINERAL .......................................................................... 41 B. PERDAGANGAN ..................................................................................... 44 C. INVESTAS! ............................................................................................. 46 D. PARIWISATA .......................................................................................... 47 E. KESIMPULAN......................................................................................... 49 BAB IV EVALUASI KERJA SAMA EKONOMI INDONESIA-ASIA TENGAH........................... 51 A. PERKEMBANGAN HUBUNGAN INDONESIA DAN ASIA TENGAH ............ 51 B. PERKEMBANGAN KERJA SAMA EKONOMIINDONESIA - ASIA TENGAH .................................................................................................58 B.1. PERDAGANGAN ........................................................................... 58 B.2. INVESTASI ................................................................................... 74 B.3. KERJA SAMA PARIWISATA ........................................................... 83 B.4. KERJA SAMA ENERGI.................................................................. 86 C. ANALISIS SWOT ..................................................................................... 90 C.1. STRENGTHS . .. ... ....... .. ... ... .... .. .... .. ...... ... .... ... ... .... ..... ...90 C.2. WEAKNESSES. .. .... .. ......... .... ..... .. ...... .... ...... .... .... .. .... .. 91 C.3. OPPORTUNITIES . .. ..... ...... .... .. ...... ... .... ... .......... ... ..... ... .... .... 92 C.4 . THREATS .......... ....... ......... .... ..... ..... .... ................. ..... ...... ....... ... ... 93 D. KESIMPULAN ......................................................................................... 94 BAB V LESSONS LEARNED DAR! NEGARA-NEGARA ROLE MODEL ... ... ...... ... ..... ... ..... .. 95 A. KOREA SELATAN ................................................................................... 95 A.l. HUBUNGAN KOREA SELATAN DAN ASIA TENGAH ...................... 95 A.2 . ENERGI ........................................................................................ 97 A.3. PERDAGANGAN DAN INDUSTRI ................................................... 98 A.4 . FREE TRADE AGREEMENT.. .... .......... ..... .. ....... .... ..... ...... ..... 100 A.5. INVESTASI.................................................................................. 101 A.6. TRANSPORTASI .......................................................................... 102 A.7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) ...................................... 10 3 B. MALAYSIA ............................................................................................ 10 3 8.1. HUBUNGAN MALAYSIA DAN ASIA TENGAH ............................... 10 3 B.2. PERDAGANGAN DAN INVESTASI ............................................... 105 8.3. ENERGI ...................................................................................... 107 B.4. PARIWISATA ............................................................................... 107 B.5. KONEKTIVITAS KE ASIA TENGAH .............................................. 10 8 C. VIETNAM ............................................................................................. 109 C.l. HUBUNGAN VIETNAM DAN ASIA TENGAH ................................. 109 C.2. PERDAGANGAN DAN INVESTASI ............................................... 110 C.3. ENERGI ...................................................................................... 111 C.4. PERHUBUNGAN DAN PARIWISATA ............................................ 112 C.5. FREE TRADE AGREEMENTEAEV -VIETNAM .............................. 113 ii D. IRAN.................................................................................................... 114 D.l. PERKEMBANGAN HUBUNGAN IRAN DAN ASIA TENGAH ........... 115 D.2 . PERDAGANGAN ......................................................................... 115 D.3. KONEKTIVITAS .......................................................................... 117 E. KESIMPULAN ....................................................................................... 119 BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI.. .................................................................. 12 1 A. KESIMPULAN ....................................................................................... 12 1 B. REKOMENDASI KEBIJAKAN ................................................................ 124 8.1. JANGKA PENDEK ....................................................................... 125 8.2 . JANGKA MENENGAH ................................................................. 129 8.3. JANGKA PANJANG ..................................................................... 130 C. CATATAN PENUTUP ............................................................................. 130 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................................... 132 LAMPIRAN I. KEGIATAN PELAKSANAAN KAJIAN ............................................................ 137 LAMPIRAN II. INFORMASI DASAR NEGARA-NEGARA ASIA TENGAH .............................. 14 5 LAMPIRAN III. TIM PENYUSUN....................................................................................... 16 3 LAMPIRAN IV. FOTO PELAKSANAAN KAJIAN ................................................................. 170 iii DAFTAR GRAFIK Graflk 1. Peta Negara-negara Asia Tengah 2 Graflk 2. Danau lssyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan 7 Graflk 3. Peta Negara Anggota EAEU 16 Graflk4. Jaringan Jalan dan Kereta Api Negara Angota EAEU 18 Graf"lk 5. Peta Negara Anggota ECO 19 Graf"lk 6. Peta Negara Anggota SCO 23 Graf"lk 7. Daftar 34 Negara Anggota ACD 24 Graflk8. Koridor Ekonomi 6 Negara Anggota CAREC 28 Graflk