No. 18-107 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ___________ R.G. & G.R. HARRIS FUNERAL HOMES, INC., Petitioner, v. EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION and AIMEE STEPHENS, Respondents. ___________ On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ___________ AMICI CURIAE BRIEF OF SCHOLARS WHO STUDY THE TRANSGENDER POPULATION IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENT AIMEE STEPHENS ___________ ADAM P. ROMERO DAVID R. CARPENTER * THE WILLIAMS INSTITUTE ANDREW B. TALAI UCLA SCHOOL OF LAW MOHINDRA RUPRAM 395 Charles E. Young Dr. E. SIDLEY AUSTIN LLP Los Angeles, CA 90095 555 West Fifth Street, (310) 267-4382 Suite 4000 Los Angeles, CA 90013 JAIMIE K. MCFARLIN (213) 896-6000 ETHAN PLAIL [email protected] SIDLEY AUSTIN LLP 1051 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 736-8000 Counsel for Amici Curiae July 3, 2019 * Counsel of Record TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................. iii INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE .......................... 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ...................................................... 2 BACKGROUND .................................................... 4 A. A Guide To The Terminology ................... 5 B. The Demographics And Diversity Of The Transgender Population ........................... 8 C. Discrimination In The Workplace ............ 10 ARGUMENT ......................................................... 14 I. DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF TRANSGENDER STATUS, IDENTITY, OR EXPRESSION IS A FORM OF DISCRIMI- NATION BECAUSE OF SEX UNDER TI- TLE VII .......................................................... 14 II. THE DISCRIMINATION AT ISSUE HERE IS A COMPARABLE EVIL TO OTHER FORMS OF SEX DISCRIMINATION PROHIBITED BY TITLE VII ....................... 18 A. Employment Discrimination Has Nega- tive Effects On Transgender Employees And Harms Employers As A Whole ......... 19 B. The Effects Of Workplace Discrimination Compound And Are Compounded By The Discrimination Transgender People Face In Other Areas Of Life .............................. 25 (i) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS—continued Page III. PUBLIC OPINION CONFIRMS THAT TI- TLE VII SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD TO PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST TRANSGENDER PEOPLE ........................... 31 CONCLUSION ..................................................... 34 APPENDIX: List of Amici Curiae ....................... 1a iii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES Page Adkins v. City of New York, 143 F. Supp. 3d 134 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) .................................... 21, 29 Baskin v. Bogan, 766 F.3d 648 (7th Cir. 2014) ........................................................... 1 Bd. of Educ. v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 208 F. Supp. 3d 850 (S.D. Ohio 2016) ................... 26 Campaign for S. Equality v. Bryant, 64 F. Supp. 3d 906 (S.D. Miss. 2014), aff’d, 791 F.3d 625 (5th Cir. 2015) ............................. 1 DeBoer v. Snyder, 973 F. Supp. 2d 757 (E.D. Mich. 2014), rev’d, 772 F.3d 388 (6th Cir. 2014), rev’d sub nom. Obergefell v. Hodg- es, 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015) ........................... 1 Doe v. McConn, 489 F. Supp. 76 (S.D. Tex. 1980) ........................................................... 29 Glenn v. Brumby, 663 F.3d 1312 (11th Cir. 2011) ........................................................... 18 Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986) ............................................. 16 Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015) .......................................................... 1 Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998) ...................................... 4, 31 People v. Archibald, 296 N.Y.S.2d 834 (Sup. Ct. App. Term 1968), aff’d, 260 N.E.2d 871 (N.Y. 1970) ........................................... 29 Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., 400 U.S. 542 (1971) ................................................... 8, 16 Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), superseded by statute on other grounds, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1072, as recognized in Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244 (1994) ....................................... 3, 16, 19, 31 iv TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—continued Page Schroer v. Billington, 577 F. Supp. 2d 293 (D.D.C. 2008) .............................................. 33 Whitaker ex rel. Whitaker v. Kenosha Uni- fied Sch. Dist. No. 1, 858 F.3d 1034 (7th Cir. 2017), cert. dismissed, 138 S. Ct. 1260 (2018) ................................................. 26 STATUTES 29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1) ..................................... 18 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1) .............................. 2, 31 SCHOLARLY AUTHORITIES Am. Psychol. Ass’n, Guidelines for Psycho- logical Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People, 70 Am. Psychol. 832 (2015) ............................ 5, 6, 7, 17 Kevin M. Barry et al., A Bare Desire to Harm: Transgender People and the Equal Protection Clause, 57 B.C. L. Rev. 507 (2016) .......................................................... 7 Amanda K. Baumle et al., New Research on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination: Effect of State Policy on Charges Filed at the EEOC, J. Homosex- uality (2019) ............................................. 30, 31 John R. Blosnich et al., Mental Health of Transgender Veterans in US States With and Without Discrimination and Hate Crime Legal Protection, 106 Am. J. Pub. Health 534 (2016) ....................................... 31 v TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—continued Page Walter Bockting et al., Adult Development and Quality of Life of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People, 23 Cur- rent Opinion Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity 188 (2016) ..................................... 7 Walter O. Bockting et al., Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Popula- tion, 103 Am. J. Pub. Health 943 (2013) ............................................. 14, 17, 21, 22 Michelle Dietert & Dianne Dentice, Gender Identity Issues and Workplace Discrimi- nation: The Transgender Experience, 14 J. Workplace Rts. 121 (2009) ......................... 17 Michael L. Hendricks & Rylan J. Testa, A Conceptual Framework for Clinical Work with Transgender and Gender Noncon- forming Clients: An Adaptation of the Mi- nority Stress Model, 43 Prof. Psychol. 460 (2012) .......................................................... 5 Sylvia Ann Hewlett & Karen Sumberg, For LGBT Workers, Being “Out” Brings Ad- vantages, Harv. Bus. Rev. (July-Aug. 2011), https://hbr.org/2011/07/for-lgbt- workers-being-out-brings-advantages ....... 23 Lauren Mizock & Kim T. Mueser, Employ- ment, Mental Health, Internalized Stig- ma, and Coping With Transphobia Among Transgender Individuals, 1 Psy- chol. Sexual Orientation & Gender Diver- sity 146 (2014) ............................................ 17 vi TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—continued Page Virginia P. Quinn et al., Cohort Profile: Study of Transition, Outcomes and Gen- der (STRONG) to Assess Health Status of Transgender People, 7 BMJ Open 1, no. 12, Dec. 2017, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/ content/bmjopen/7/12/e018121.full.pdf ..... 15 Diane M. Quinn & Valerie A. Earnshaw, Concealable Stigmatized Identities and Psychological Well-Being, 7 Soc. & Per- sonality Psychol. Compass 40 (2013) ........ 22 Adam P. Romero, Does the Equal Pay Act Prohibit Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity?, 10 Ala. C.R. & C.L. L. Rev. 35 (2019), http://www.law.ua.edu/acrcl/files/2019/06/ 2.-Romero_Published.pdf ........................... 18 Kristen Schilt & Matthew Wiswall, Before and After: Gender Transitions, Human Capital, and Workplace Experiences, 8 B.E. J. Econ. Analysis & Pol’y 1, no. 1, 2008, http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/ vol8/iss1/art39 ........................................... 12 OTHER AUTHORITIES Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Sta- tistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. 2013) ..................................................... 27 Am. Psychological Ass’n, Answers to Your Questions About Transgender People, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression (copy. 2011, updated 2014), https://www. apa.org/topics/lgbt/transgender.pdf ........... 7 vii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—continued Page M.V. Lee Badgett et al., Williams Inst., The Business Impact of LGBT-Supportive Workplace Policies (2013), http://williams institute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/ Business-Impact-LGBT-Policies-Full-May- 2013.pdf ...................................................... 24 Elisa Bandini & Mario Maggi, Transphobia, in Emotional, Physical and Sexual Abuse: Impact in Children and Social Minorities 49 (Giovanni Corona, Emmanuele A. Jannini & Mario Maggi eds., 2014) ........... 17 Christopher Carpenter et al., Transgender Status, Gender Identity, and Socioeco- nomic Outcomes in the United States (forthcoming 2019) (on file with counsel) ... 13 Kerith J. Conron & Shoshana K. Goldberg, Williams Inst., LGBT Protections from Discrimination: Employment and Public Accommodations (2019), https://williams institute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/ NonDiscrimWorkPubAccom.pdf ................ 30 Daniel Cox & Robert P. Jones, Pub. Reli- gion Research Inst., Majority of Ameri- cans Oppose Transgender Bathroom Re- strictions (Mar. 10, 2017), https:// www.prri.org/research/lgbt-transgender- bathroom-discrimination-religious-liberty/ ... 32 viii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—continued Page Daniel Cox et al., Pub. Religion Research Inst., Who Sees Discrimination? Attitudes on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Race, and Immigration Status: Findings from PRRI’s American Values Atlas (June 21, 2017), https://www.prri.org/research/