UNIVERSITA' DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA Sede Amministrativa: Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di ____ STORIA_________________ SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN : SCIENZE STORICHE INDIRIZZO: STORIA (ANTICA, MEDIEVALE, MODERNA, CONTEMPORANEA) CICLO XX BEHIND ZARA ZARA’S contado BETWEEN OTTOMAN AND VENETIAN RULES 1645-1718 Direttore della Scuola : Ch.mo Prof. Antonio Rigon Coordinatore del Corso: Ch.mo Prof. Paolo Preto Supervisore :Ch.mo Prof. Egidio Ivetic Dottorando : Tea Mayhew DATA CONSEGNA TESI 31 gennaio 2008 CONTENTS Abbreviations Introduction Chapter I: War and Peace in Dalmatia, 1645-1718 Chapter II: The contado: Landscape and Continuity of Habitation Chapter III: Administrative Changeover Chapter IV: Migrations Chapter V: Newcomers within Economic and Social Contexts Conclusion Appendix Maps Bibliography Riassunto ABBREVIATIONS: a) Archives and Libraries ASV – (Archivio di Stato, Venezia) State Archive Venice BMCV – (Biblioteca del Museo Civico Correr) Library of the Museum Correr in Venice BNM – (Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana) National Library San Marco in Venice DARi – (Državni Arhiv Rijeka) State Archive Rijeka DAZ – (Državni Arhiv Zadar) State Archive Zadar HDA – (Hrvatski Državni Arhiv Zagreb) State Archive Zagreb HAZU – (Hrvatska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti), History Archive of Croatian Academy of Science and Art in Zagreb; (until 1990 Yugoslavian Academy of Science and Art – JAZU) NSK – (Nacionalna Sveučilišna Knjižnica) National University Library of Zagreb ZKZD – (Znanstvena Knjižnica Zadar) Scientific Library Zadar b) Reviews and magazines Radovi HAZU-Zd - Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru – Papers of the Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Science and Art in Zadar Radovi HAZU – Radovi HAZU – Papers of the Croatian Academy of Science and Art c) Published sources COMMISSIONES ET RELATIONES – Commissiones et relationes venetae, edited by Šime Ljubić and Grga Novak, published by Croatian Academy of Science and Art, Zagreb, 1876-1966. Istorija kotarskih - Istorija kotarskih uskoka, [The history of uskoks from Kotari], I, II, edited by Boško Desnica, Serbian Academy of Science, Beograd, 1951. 1 INTRODUCTION During one of the bloodiest centuries in European history, marked with numerous wars1, the Republic of Venice strived to keep the peace, which would seem impossible to maintain whilst being surrounded by such neighbours as France, the Habsburgs (Austrian and Spanish) and the Ottomans2. It was with reference to the latter, and before the start of the Candian War, that one Venetian Senator said that it was obvious that no one could live close to the Ottomans without being or becoming their enemy and that the Republic of Venice was ultimately the most exposed to their 1 About Europe during the 17th century: The General crisis of the seventeenth century, ed. by G. Parker and L. M. Smith, London-Boston, Routledge, 1978; G. PARKER. Europe in crisis, 1598-1648, Ithaca (NY), Cornell University Press, 1979. See also: H. KAMEN, Il secolo di ferro: 1550-1660, Bari, Laterza, 1977; H. KAMEN, L’Europa dal 1500 al 1700, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993 (1984). About war, diplomacy and society in Early Modern Europe: M. S. ANDERSON, War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime 1618-1789, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1988; G. PARKER The Military Revolution. Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988 (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1990); J. BLACK A Military Revolution? Military Change and European Society 1550-1800, Atlantic Highlands (NJ), Humanities Press, 1991; R. F. WEIGLEY, The age of battles. The quest for decisive warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1991; F. TALLETT, War and Society in Early modern Europe 1495-1715, London-New York, Routledge, 1992, G. PARKER, Guerra e rivoluzione militare (1450-1789), in Storia d’Europa, IV, ed. by M. Aymard, Torino, Einaudi, 1995, p. 435-481; The Cambridge illustrated history of warfare. The triumph of the West, ed. by G. Parker, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995; P. DEL NEGRO, Guerra ed eserciti da Machiavelli a Napoleone, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2001. 2 R. CESSI, Storia della Repubblica di Venezia, Firenze, Giunti Martello, 1981 (1946), p. 603-658; E. SESTAN, La politica veneziana del Seicento, in Storia della civiltà veneziana, III, ed. by V. Branca, Dall’età barocca all’Italia contemporanea, Firenze, Sansoni, 1979, p. 7-22; K. M. SETTON, Venice, Austria and the Turks in the seventeenth century, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1991; G. COZZI, Venezia nello scenario europeo (1517-1699), in La Repubblica di Venezia nell’età moderna. Dal 1517 alla fine della Repubblica, ed. by G. Cozzi-M. Knapton-G. Scarabello, (Storia d’Italia, ed. by G. Galasso, XII/2), Torino, Utet, 1992, p. 103-200; G. COZZI, Dalla riscoperta della pace all'inestinguibile sogno di dominio, in Storia di Venezia, VII, La Venezia barocca, ed. by G. Benzoni and G. Cozzi, Roma, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 1997; Venezia e la guerra di Morea. Guerra, politica e cultura alla fine del '600, ed. by M. Infelise and A. Stouraiti, Milano, Franco Angeli, 2005. 2 aggression3. The Venetian’s reversal from the expansion of their Stato da Mar at the beginning of the 16th century towards the development of a strategy to defend their maritime property became a policy of avoiding conflicts. However, to maintain peace was not an easy task. The Republic used all of its diplomatic efforts to balance and sustain a peace with the Ottomans especially after the losses of Cyprus, the Albanian towns of Antivari (Bari) and Dulcigno (Ulcinj) and considerable territory in the Dalmatian hinterland4. In Dalmatia it helped to bribe the local Ottoman border magnates, but these same politics did not help in the Aegean Sea, when in 1645 Maltese pirates attacked an Ottoman fleet. The Maltese ships laden with rich booty and slaves stopped on Venetian Candia (the island of Crete) on their way back to Malta. This was reason enough for the Sultan to attack the Venetian territory and thus start a long war for the Kingdom of Candia5. The 24 year long Candian War followed, which was finally concluded with a peace treaty in September 1669, but for the Republic it ended quite negatively with the bitter loss of the island of Candia and the territories that it had gained in Dalmatia along with many human casualties6. On top of this, the material losses were enormous; fortresses, towns and villages on Crete and in Dalmatia were ruined, and the economy suffered greatly. The short economic recovery during the time of peace of 1670-1683 had not adequately replenished their state coffers7. A new Ottoman attack on the Venetian’s doorstep resurrected the old polemics about the Venetian participation in the Holy League during the siege of Vienna8 and then in 1684 for the first time the Republic officially proclaimed war on the Ottoman Empire fighting primarily for the territories 3 G. B. NANI, Historia Veneta, II, Venezia 1686 (fourth edition), p. 24. 4 M. KNAPTON, Lo Stato da Mar, in La Repubblica di Venezia nell’età moderna, p. 326- 329. 5 COZZI, Dalla riscoperta della pace, p. 26. The real casus belli for the Ottoman’s was the annoying Venetian possession of Candia which was exactly in the centre of the Aegean Sea, and was able to control all maritime routes from the Ottoman capital city southwards, Egypt and North Africa, restricting Ottoman domination of the sea which they had gradually established through the centuries, taking over Venetian territories on the Levant. Their military action was prepared and the aim was to conquer this last Venetian territory in the Mediterranean. COZZI, Venezia nello scenario europeo (1517-1699), p. 118-128. 6 COZZI, Dalla riscoperta della pace, p. 42. During the war the Republic lost about 30,000 people, amongst them were 280 noblemen, which was actually one quarter of the Republic’s maggior consiglio. 7 COZZI, Dalla riscoperta della pace, p. 82. 8 DEL NEGRO, La milizia, in Storia di Venezia, VII, La Venezia barocca, p. 510. See also J. ALAČEVIĆ, Pro Lega Sacra, Tabularium, II (1902), p. 52. 3 in Morea (the Peloponnesus). The whole of the Morean War was conducted as a conquest in order to take territory, which would replace the ‘Kingdom of Candia’9. The conditions of peace after the end of the Great War of the Holy League, of which the Morean War was just one part, were negotiated in Carlowitz, (today Sremski Karlovci) in 169910. The Venetian possession of the Kingdom of Morea, along with territories conquered in Dalmatia and Albania were finally recognised11. Scholars of Venetian history, who researched the relations and conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic, generally placed Venetian Dalmatia and Albania on the periphery of these wars12. The local struggle was first analysed by Dalmatian scholars, such as Giuseppe Praga and Antonio De Benvenuti, from an Italian perspective13. Nevertheless, Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin historians studied and evaluated these Venetian-Ottoman wars with great interest14. However, such interest in this subject had already been expressed earlier during the 19th century. The Candian and Morean wars in Dalmatia were also the inspiration for numerous popular songs15. Journalists such as Serbian Teodor Petranović 9 COZZI, Dalla riscoperta della pace, p. 80. 10 COZZI, Venezia nello scenario europeo (1517-1699), p. 146-147. 11 COZZI, Dalla riscoperta della pace, p. 92; DEL NEGRO, La milizia, p. 528; A. VIGGIANO, Lo specchio della Repubblica. Venezia ed il governo delle Isole Ionie nel ‘700, Verona, Cierre, 1998. 12 Venezia e la difesa del Levante. Da Lepanto a Candia 1570-1670, Venezia, Arsenale, 1985. See also: E. EICKHOFF, Venezia, Vienna e i Turchi Turchi: bufera nel sud-est europeo, Milano, Rusconi, 1991. On relation between Venice and Ottomans see: P. PRETO, Venezia e i turchi, Firenze, Sansoni, 1975; P. PRETO, Venezia e la difesa dai Turchi nel Seicento, “Romische Historische Mitteilungen”, 26 (1984), p.