THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER - APPROVED ELECTRONICALLY GENERATED THESIS/DISSERTATION COVER-PAGE Electronic identifier: 28922 Date of electronic submission: 28/09/2019 Thesis format: Traditional The University of Manchester makes examined, Open Access electronic theses freely available for download and reading online via the University’s Research Explorer http://www.research.manchester.ac.uk. This print version of my thesis is a TRUE and ACCURATE REPRESENTATION of the electronic version submitted via the University of Manchester's eThesis submission system. Approved electronically generated cover-page version 1.0 DISTINCTION VERSUS RECOGNITION MAKING SENSE OF THE TOPHANE INCIDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF GENTRIFICATION A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Mertcan Ozturk School of Social Sciences Contents List of Figures and Tables .......................................................................................... 5 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. 6 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 7 Declaration ................................................................................................................ 8 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................. 8 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................. 10 1.1 Everyday Social Conflicts in Turkey .............................................................. 10 1.2 Social Conflicts in Tophane ........................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Neighbourhood Pressure? .................................................................... 16 1.2.2 Problematisation of the Extant Accounts ............................................. 18 1.3 Gentrification and Social Struggles between Local Residents and Newcomers ............................................................................................................................ 19 1.4 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................ 20 1.4.1 Symbolic Domination ............................................................................ 21 1.4.2 Struggle for Distinction .......................................................................... 22 1.4.3 Struggle for Recognition ........................................................................ 23 1.5 The Importance of Empirical Research, and the Research Questions Explored by the Thesis ....................................................................................................... 24 1.6 Structure of the Thesis.................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2: Conceptualisations of Gentrification .............................................. 30 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 30 2.2 Gentrification: Displacement-oriented phenomenon .................................. 31 2.2.1 Rent-gap Theory .................................................................................... 33 2.2.2 Stage Model .......................................................................................... 34 2.2.3 Discussion .............................................................................................. 38 2.3 Gentrification Without Displacement: Co-existence of Diverse Groups in Spatial Terms ...................................................................................................... 41 2.3.1 Positive Gentrification ........................................................................... 42 2.3.2 Negative Gentrification ......................................................................... 50 2.3.3 Discussion .............................................................................................. 56 2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 3: Distinction versus Recognition: The Politics of Gentrification .......... 62 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 62 3.2 Struggle for Distinction ................................................................................. 63 3.2.1 The Struggle between Gentrifiers and Traditional Middle Classes: Understanding Gentrifiers’ Collective Settlement in Working-class Neighbourhoods and the Raison d’être of Gentrification.............................. 64 3.2.2 Struggles amongst Gentrifiers ............................................................... 69 2 3.3 Symbolic Domination .................................................................................... 77 3.3.1 Lack of Interaction and Social Mix: Limits of Cosmopolitanism and Being Diversity-friendly ............................................................................................ 77 3.3.2 Pathologisation of the Deprived: Making Sense of Stigmas Using Bourdieu ......................................................................................................... 80 3.4 Struggle for Recognition ............................................................................... 85 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 92 Chapter 4: Research Methodology .................................................................. 94 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 94 4.2 Sampling of Research Participants ............................................................... 96 4.3 The Interviewees .......................................................................................... 98 4.4 The Interview Strategy................................................................................ 103 4.4.1 Semi-Structured Interviews with Newcomers .................................... 104 4.4.2 Semi-Structured Interviews with Local Residents ............................... 107 4.5 Participant Observation .............................................................................. 110 4.6 Access, Trust and Reflexivity....................................................................... 115 4.7 Ethical Considerations ................................................................................ 121 4.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 124 Chapter 5: The Portrayal of Tophane: Culturally Subaltern Local Residents Vis-à- vis Culturally Privileged Newcomers ............................................................. 125 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 125 5.2 Making Historical and Spatial Sense of Tophane........................................ 127 5.2.1 A Three-hundred-year Military-industry Zone .................................... 127 5.2.2 Becoming a Commerce-led Cosmopolitan Neighbourhood ............... 128 5.2.3 The First Wave of Immigrants ............................................................. 130 5.2.4 Socio-demographic Changes and the Transformation of Tophane into a Working-class Quarter ................................................................................. 133 5.2.5 Gentrification and the Enrichment of Socio-cultural Diversity ........... 134 5.3 The Residential Belonging and Tight-knit Local Lifestyle in Tophane: Locals Making a Virtue out of Necessity due to Their Educational Deprivation ......... 140 5.4 The Collective Arrival of Newcomers: Cultural Dispositions or Economic Reasons? ........................................................................................................... 147 5.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 155 Chapter 6: Struggles for Distinction: Intra-Group Rivalries and the Lack of Interaction between Newcomers and Locals ................................................. 158 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 158 6.2 Intra-group Struggles for Distinction: Being ‘First among Equals’ .............. 159 6.2.1 Theatrical Consumptions, Uses of Space and Position-Taking in Everyday Life: The Distinction between Cihangir and Karakoy in the Context of Cafés ...................................................................................................................... 160 6.2.2 The Art Galleries and Exhibition Openings in Tophane: Art Objects or the ‘Cultured Self’ Exhibited? ............................................................................. 169 6.2.3 Summary ............................................................................................. 173 3 6.3 Tophane and the Local Community in the Eyes of Newcomers: ‘Subjective Re- making of Reality’ ............................................................................................. 174 6.3.1 Spatial Stigmatisations in Tophane: Gentrifiers’ Views on the Existing Local Lifestyle