Glossary of Jewellery Making and Beading Terms A jewellery glossary of beading terms and jewellery making terminology combining clear images with easy to understand dictionary like definitions. This bead glossary also provides links to more in depth content and bead resources. It can be used as a beading A to Z reference guide to dip into as needed, or as a beading and jewellery glossary for beginners to help broaden beading and jewellery making knowledge. It is particularly effective when used alongside our Beading Guides, Histories, Theories and Tutorials, or in conjunction with our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary and Venetian Glass Making Glossary. A ABALONE These edible sea creatures are members of a large class of molluscs that have one piece shells with an iridescent interior. These shells have a low and open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell’s outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of a dichroic substance called nacre or mother-of-pearl, which in many species is highly iridescent, giving rise to a range of strong and changeable colors, making it ideal for jewellery and other decorative objects. Iridescent nacre varies in colour from silvery white, to pink, red and green- red, through to deep blues, greens, and purples. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above are examples of Paua and Red Abalone. ACCENT BEAD Similar in purpose to a Focal Bead, this is a bead that forms the focus for a piece of jewellery, but on this occasion rather then through its size, it is usually through contrast. So for example it will be an unusual shape, of a different colour, or differing in pattern or texture. ACID WASHED Use of an acid to create a Matte finish on glass or other materials. ACRYLIC A man made resin or thermoplastic used to make moulded plastic beads or applied to the surface of beads to give them colour or Lustre. Due to improvements in technology acrylic beads are an economical alternative to glass and crystal, being durable and light. Click to view a selection of our Acrylic Beads. Above are some examples of typical acrylic beads including faceted, starflake, pony, and star. ADHESIVE Used to keep thread knots from unravelling and to keep small items such as beads in place. Also known as bead cement or glue. Click to view a selection of our Bead Adhesives. Above is a tube of G-S Hypo Cement used for gluing beads in place, strengthening knots and other creative applications. AFRICAN TRADE Sometimes called Slave Beads, these were decorative beads used between the16th and 20th centuries as a currency to be exchanged for goods, services, and labour. Made mostly by Venetian merchants they were used to ease the passage of European explorers and traders, mainly across the African continents, but trade beads were also used in North America and Canada, and throughout Latin America. The production of trade beads became so popular that literally tons of beads were used for this purpose with the beads used as ballast in ships for the outbound trip. The beads and other trade items were then exchanged for human cargo as well as ivory, gold and other goods desirable in Europe and around the world. In part, the success of this form of currency can be attributed to the high intrinsic value African people placed upon decorative items. Africans often used beads for currency and wealth storage, with social status determined by the quality, quantity, and style of jewellery worn. This created a high demand for trade beads in Africa. To this end the beads were usually large, bright, colourful and often cylindrical in shape. To learn more about the European glass industries role in this trade read our History of Venetian Glass. Above are two Venetian glass African Trade beads from the early 1900s – a feathered elbow bead and a millefiori bead. AGATE Is a microcrystalline variety of Quartz characterised by its fineness of grain and brightness and range of colours. Agates are normally associated with volcanic rocks but can also be found in certain metamorphic rocks. Agates have been used in jewellery making since ancient times with archeological finds in Crete placing its use to the Bronze Age. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above are examples of Banded, Blue Lace, Condor (Argentina), Dendritic (Kazakhstan), Fire, Green, Honey Brush, Moss, Polka Dot, Red, Rosette, and Scottish Agates. AIKO Cylindrical beads manufactured by Toho in Japan that are precision made to be consistent in size and shape. Learn more in our Guide to Seed Beads Above is a run of Toho Aiko beads in Dark Amethyst. ALABASTER BEADS A form of Gypsum that is soft enough to be hand carved into beads, jewellery, or more ambitiously statues. It gives beads a dense translucent white or tinted finish reminiscent of old Milk Glass. ALLOY A metal mixture made from the combination of two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolved into each other when molten in order to provide added strength and durability. Brass, White Gold, Sterling Silver and Pewter are examples of alloys with, for example, brass being an alloy of zinc and copper. ALUMINIUM OXIDE A hard abrasive, available in various grades and grain sizes, for use in jewellery making. AMAZONITE Is a green variety of microcline feldspar and is found in coarse granite or pegmatite. It is mostly opaque and derives its name from deposits originally found in the Amazon. It is often found with white, yellow or grey inclusions and a silky lustre or silvery sheen. Colours are blue green and pale green. These stones can be found in Brazil, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Namibia, Russia, United Sates and Zimbabwe. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above are examples of Chinese, Pale Green (with grey inclusions), and Russian Amazonite. AMBER Fossilised tree sap resin that is cut and polished and used as a gemstone. It is typically golden brown in colour with translucent qualities. It is also a descriptive term relating to the colour of amber. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above are examples of Baltic, Black Sarawak (Borneo), Ciapas (Mexico), Dominican Blue, Golling (Austria), Lee Creek (USA), New Jersey (USA) and Sabah (Borneo) Ambers. AMETHYST A form of Quartz, this semi precious stone has a purple translucent appearance created by the presence of iron and manganese when it was forming. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above are examples of African, Brazilian and Deep Purple coloured Amethyst. ANKLETS An ornament of gold, silver or other material worn around the ankle in the same manner as a bracelet on a wrist. ANNEALING Is the process of reheating a material and then cooling it slowly to make it stronger and more pliable. Examples of annealing would be the strengthening of metal wire whilst in turn making it easier to work with, or when working with glass to prevent say lampwork beads from shattering. ANTIQUE BEADS Like Vintage Beads this is a subjective description used to indicate the age of an item. Strictly speaking an antique is an item over 100 years old but is also a term that can be used to describe styles and materials from another era such as 1930s Bakelite, Victorian cut beads, Native American beadwork, etc. Since this gives these beads a certain rarity, they are often sought out by designers wanting to create a unique, one of a kind, jewellery piece. Click to view a selection of our Antique and Vintage Beads. Three antique ojime beads made in the Orient for the Western market during the Meiji Taisho era or the early 1900s. ANTIQUED or ANTIQUE FINISH A process or surface finish used to give beads and jewellery components an aged appearance. An example of an Antique Finish on a pair of split ring chain keyrings. APATITE Is a group of phosphate minerals found in sedimentary rocks. Apatite is the defining mineral for 5 on Mohs Scale of Hardness and occurs in colourless, yellow, blue, violet or green. As a gemstone their use is infrequent but good transparent stones of clean colour when faceted correctly can be bright, vitreous and strongly coloured. Usually they are cut as cabochons providing a cats eye effect. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above are examples of Asparagus Stone (Spanish), Blue, Cats Eye and Violet Apatite. APPLIQUE The art of sewing beads onto leather or fabric. AQUAMARINE This gemstone is named after its resemblance to seawater with its coloration created by iron. Aquamarine is a hard gemstone, which makes it an excellent choice for jewellery that will be worn frequently. However, it should be stored in a dark place as it can become paler when exposed to sunlight. Colours are light to dark blue, blue green. These stones can be found in major deposits in Brazil. They are also found in Australia, China, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nigeria, the United States, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above is an example of Light Blue Aquamarine. ARAGONITE Is a form of calcium carbonate, like Coral or Marble, and is named after Molina de Aragon, Spain, where it was first found in 1790. It is transparent to translucent and is usually colourless or white when pure, but impurities can bring about shades of yellow, blue, pink or green. Read more in our Gemstones & Minerals Glossary. Above are examples of Blue, Peruvian Striped and Orange Aragonite. AURORA BOREALIS (AB) Often reduced down to AB this is a micro thin layer of metal giving a rainbow Iridescent finish to a crystal or glass bead.