Tall Buildings (history, design & case study) University of Cambridge Year 2 Architecture by Simon Smith References www.ctbuh.org Council for Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat Tall buildings • Over 50% of office accommodation in HK,NY and Tokyo is high rise. In London this figure is less than 10%. • Over 50% of world’s population now live in cities. • In 1852 Elisha Otis displayed the elevator at Crystal Palace Exhibition. • Some tall buildings incorporate damping systems to reduce effects of wind and earthquake loading. • Tall buildings tend to be less efficient in terms of materials and can be high energy consumers. • Useable space is also reduced with a net to gross at 70% instead of 80%+ for lower rise buildings (but plot density is increased). • Relaxation of planning laws have allowed historic cities to develop their high rise profile (ie Canary Wharf, Potsdamer Platz, La Defense). History 1850’s Otis lifts first installed 1920’s Welding of steel, first use of wind tunnel testing of buildings Start of great depression 1880’s Brooklyn Bridge, Statue of Liberty, Eiffel Tower, first use of wind bracing 1900 First design codes introduced • Major build cycles • Major technology events – 1920’s to 1930’s US – 1850’s first lifts (Otis) – 1970’s US – 1910’s first curtain walling – 1990’s to present Asia, – 1960’s NY planning laws on density Europe – 1970’s first sky lobby & ME – 1970’s first tuned mass dampers History Tall buildings = recession? www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/shadows-on-the-horizon-the-rise-and-rise-of-skyscrapers-6288162.html What makes a tall building? • Commerce – Cost/demand for land – Identity • Materials • Technology – Lift strategy – Evacuation strategy – Damping • Ground conditions • Foundation engineering Regulation • 1916 New York – Tower reduced to 25% of site area to allow natural light to infiltrate to street then no height restriction. – Sparked by 1915 development of 37 storey Equitable Building with covered entire footprint and overshadowed a neighbourhood. • 1961 New York – Floor area ratio (FAR) of 15 proposed for dense commercial areas. – 20% bonus created for buildings that created a plaza (ie Seagram Building). • Other – La Defense in Paris (1950’s) – Canary Wharf in London (1990’s) – Potsdamer Platz in Berlin (1990’s) Identity • Corporation – NatWest Tower (Tower 42), London – Woolworth Building, New York – Chrysler Building, New York – Sears Tower, Chicago – CCTV, Beijing • Country – Moscow State University, Moscow – Bank of China, Hong Kong – Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur – Tapei 101, Taiwan – Burj Dubai, Dubai Location • 1880’s Europe – Eiffel Tower, Paris – 300m • 1910’s US – Woolworth Building, NY – 241m (offices) • 1950’s Russia – Moscow State University, 240m (education) • 1990’s Europe – Messeturm, Frankfurt – 257m (offices) • 1990’s Asia – Bank of China, Hong Kong – 367m (offices) • 1990’s Middle East – Burj Al Arab, Dubai – 321m (hotel) Use • Office – Woolworth Building, New York – 1913 (240m) • Residential – Ritz Tower, New York – 1926 (165m) • Hotel – Burj Al Arab, Dubai – 1995 (321m) • Education – Moscow State University, Moscow – 1953 (240m) • Mixed Use – John Hancock Centre – 1970 (344m) History - foundations • Coal and Iron Exchange, New York – 1873 – Richard M. Hunt Architect – Unusually tall for a building in New York at the time. – Inverted arches used in foundations to spread load evenly to the ground and over a larger area. History - facades • Leiter Building 1879 – Chicago – William LeBaron Jenney, Engineer and Architect – Façade carried own weight only. – First building with almost an entire wall of glass windows. History – curtain walling • Home Insurance Building, 1885 – Chicago – William LeBaron Jenney – Each storey of masonry façade supported by beams at floor level. – Iron and steel frame structure weighed one third of traditional all masonry structure. History - regulations • 1892 New York Building Code – Significant floor area increases could be obtained by adopting a curtain wall approach. – First known curtain wall building is Home Insurance Building in Chicago in 1885. Ronan Point • Partial collapse in 1968 of London apartment block after a gas explosion. • 23 storey building constructed in precast concrete panels. • Paved the way for introduction of disproportionate collapse regulations. Eco Tower • Commerzbank HQ, Frankfurt – 1997. • 250m, 56 storey. • Recognised as world’s first eco tower. • Every office is day lit and has openable windows. • Energy consumption half of typical tower. • 4 storey gardens incorporated throughout the height of the tower. • Central full height atrium. Eco Tower Design • Geometry • Structural stability systems • Loading – Self weight and dead load – Live loading – Wind – Seismic – Temperature – Accidental • Comfort criteria • Damping systems • Lifts Geometry h 4 6 12 w Chicago Spire • Calatrava tower claiming to be worlds most slender free standing tower at 1:10. • 150 floors of residential reaching 609m (will be tallest building in USA). • But……economic crisis halted work despite starting on site in 2007. Eladio Dieste Stability - external Stability - internal Stability • Façade and internal walls – Home Insurance Building, Chicago - 1885 • Moment frame – Monadnock Building, Chicago – 1889 • Braced – Tower Building, New York – 1889 • Outrigger – Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai – 1998 • Tube – De Witt Chestnut Building, Chicago – 1964 • Tube in Tube – World Trade Centres, New York – 1973 • Mega frame – Bank of China, Hong Kong – 1989 • Bundled Tube – Sears Towers, Chicago – 1974 Materials use Wind loading Resultant circular movement experienced at the top of the building! Along-wind Rotation due to offset stability response system + + Across-wind response due to vortex shedding WIND Wind loading Wind loading • Modifying the shape of a tower, both in elevation and on plan, can help reduce the effect of wind loading on a tower. Introducing the following aspects will help: – Taper – Twist – Chamfered corners – Set backs – Holes through • Examples are: – Taipei 101 – Jin Mao Tower – Shanghai World Financial Centre – Burj Dubai Comfort Damping Tapei 101 Lifts • 1857 Elisha Otis installed first lifts in a 5 storey store in New York. • 1968 first double deck lifts installed with success in Time Life building in Chicago. • Since 2003 new double deck elevators can now cope with differing floor levels. • WTC buildings in 1972 were the first towers to incorporate sky lobbies. • Taipei 101 incorporates a mix of double deck lifts and sky lobbies. • Recent lifts travel at speed of up to 38mph and include pressure control systems to reduce ‘ear popping’. Double deck lifts at First Sky lobbies at WTC, Canada Place, Toronto New York Lifts - office • Chrysler Buildings, New York – 1930 – 319m, 77 storey – 4 banks of elevators contain 30 elevators • Wells Fargo Plaza, Houston – 1983 – 302m, 71 storey – Trussed steel tube – Double deck express elevators – Sky lobbies on 34-35 and 58-59 – 27 elevator shafts running 56 cabs Lifts - residential • Park Tower, Chicago • Completed 2000 • 70 storey, 250m • Hotel and Residential • 300 ton tuned mass damper Capital Gate Tower • 18deg lean (cf Pisa 4deg) • Twisting building • 60m atrium to reduce overhang load • Complex steel diagrid • Predominant wind direction inspiration? 828m tall 280,000m2 of hotel, residential and offices. Burj Dubai330,000m3 of concrete 39,0000t of reinforcement To support 1m2 of floor requires 2.75t of material (or 1,15m thickness of concrete) …..approx 3x more material required than for low to medium rise construction Torres de Hercules • 100m office tower • Natural ventilation scheme • 400mm thk façade • 400mm thk floors • 3500mm floor to ceiling • Cold bridge? Aqua Tower • 262m & 86 storey mixed use tower in Chicago • 186,000m2 26,5m Case Study Gazprom Tower, St Petersberg - Russia Competition ATELIERS JEAN NOUVEL 1 3 6 OFFICE FOR METROPOLITAN ARCHITECTURE (O.M.A.) 27 RMJM LONDON LIMITED 2 1 7 STUDIO DANIEL LIBESKIND LLC 85 FUKSAS ASSOCIATI S.R.L. 1 1 4 HERZOG & DE MEURON ARCHITEKTEN AG 75 St Petersberg St Petersberg Design Concept Site History River Setting Gazprom Flame Fur Coat (façade) Gazprom City Geometry and scale Structural system Wind tunnel testing Wind tunnel testing • West is dominant wind direction • Peak instantaneous dynamic wind load of 30MN (1.9kn/m2) 10-yr return period w ind speeds, Normal Natural Frequency - Level 75 5-yr return period w ind speeds, Normal Natural Frequency - Level 75 1-yr return period w ind speeds, Normal Natural Frequency - Level 75 50 40 30 20 PeakAcceleration (mg) 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Wind Direction (deg) Dynamic analysis Gazprom, Proposed, 0.7%, Mass Option 1, Level 75, Normal Natural Frequency NBCC Office NBCC Residential SNIP 2.01.07-85 ISO 6879 Melbourne & Cheung Davenport Perception Davenport Objection 35 30 25 2% Objection 20 10% Objection 15 10 Peak Acceleration [milli-g] Acceleration Peak 5 10% Perception 0 2% Perception 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Return Period [years] Initial design ideas Competition engineering Competition engineering Competition engineering Competition engineering Competition engineering Competition engineering Competition engineering Competition engineering Lessons learnt • Foundations – Make tower pile cap as small as possible. – Most load will be concentrated under the core. • Investigate local supply chain – High strength concrete availability. • Investigate local/national regulations – Don’t just assume that international codes will be accepted. • Outrigger trusses – Think about