A Brief Note on Orthography and Transliteration Relationships to Khmelnytsky are as numerous as the names and orthographies that identify the hetman. In this volume, we have chosen to use the modified Ukrainian transliteration “Bohdan Khmelnytsky.” How- ever, where an author refers to a Polish text, we have used the standard Polish spelling, Bohdan Chmielnicki; Russian texts will refer to Bogdan Khmelʹnitskii, and Ukrainian-language texts follow the more standard transliteration of Bohdan Khmelʹnytsʹkyi. Names of places also necessarily vary according to the political moment or perspective in question. Wher- ever possible, we have attempted to standardize the spelling of place names to correspond to the time period and literary context under discussion. Where this is ambiguous, we have opted either for the standard spelling of well-known place names in English or for the present Ukrainian spelling. Names of well-known individuals likewise follow the English spelling of their names, whereas the names of less-commonly-translated writers con- form to either the Library of Congress (for Ukrainian and Russian) or the YIVO (for Hebrew and Yiddish) styles of transliteration. To ease pronun- ciation in our English-language narrative, we have modified the Russian and Ukrainian Library of Congress systems slightly by giving the initial vowel in all personal names as Yu, Ya, and Yo, rather than Iu, Ia, and Io. TABLE 0.1. Sample list of place names with linguistic variants Belarusian Polish Russian Ukrainian Yiddish Bielaja Carkava Biała Cerkiew Belaia Tserkovʹ Bila Tserkva Sadeh Lavan (Heb.) Yuriev (arch.) Shvarts Tuma Berastse (arch.) Brześć Brest Berestia Brisk Brest Brześć Litewski Brest-Litovsk Berestʹ Brisk de-Lite Brest-Litoŭsk Brześć nad Brest Bugiem Čyhiryn Czehryń Chigirin Chyhyryn Tsharhrin Tsherin Čanstachova Częstochowa Chenstokhova Chenstokhova Tshenstokhov Częstomir (arch.) Chenstokhovo Dahapils Dyneburg Borisoglebsk Dauhavpils Dinaburg Dynaburh Dźwinów Daugavpils Dvinsk Dzvinsk Dźwińsk Dvinsk Deneburg Nevgin Gdanʹsk Gdańsk Dantsig (arch.) Gdansʹk Dantsig Gdansʹk Gdansk Hadziach Hadziacz Gadiach Hadiach Hadyitsh Kijeŭ Kijów Kiev Kyiv Kiyev Krakaŭ Kraków Krakov Krakiv Kroke Liublin Lublin Liublin Liublin Lublin Lʹvoŭ Lwów Lʹvov Lʹviv Lemberg Lemberik Lvov Mahilio Mogilew Mogilev Mohylev Molev Mohylew Mohyliv Moylev Mohilov Mogilev Palonnaje Połonne Polonnoe Polonne Polna Polona Polnoa Paznanʹ Poznań Poznanʹ Poznanʹ Pozne Poznanʹ Poyzn Tulʹčyn Tulczyn Tulʹchin Nestervar (arch.) Tultshin Tulʹchyn Vilʹnia Wilno Vilʹna Vilʹna Vilne Vitsiebsk Witebsk Vitebsk Vitebsʹk Vitebsk Vrotslaŭ Wrocław Vrotslav Vrotslav Bresle Breslavlʹ (arch.) Bresloy Zamastsʹ Zamość Zamoctsʹ Zamostia Zamoshtsh Iziaslaŭ Zasław Iziaslav Iziaslav Zaslav Zaslav Zheslav Zbaraž Zbaraż Zbarazh Zbarazh Zbarash Zbarizh Zboraŭ Zborów Zborov Zboriv Zborov Stories of Khmelnytsky Saint Petersburg (est. 1703) P I R E E M H I S E D S W Livonia Pskov a lg o V Riga Courland ea S ltic Dvinsk Moscow Ba D sk Grand vin en Du a ol ch m y o S M f Vitsebsk Gdańsk Li Smolensk U Duchy of Vilnius th S u a C Prussia n O Minsk ia G Mahilioŭ V r Y e POLISH-LITHUANIAN a V t is a Poznań t i u P la h COMMONWEALTH o c H D l Warsaw a a l o n Brest n A d d P o r B ip P e Wrocław t S Chernihiv B Lublin O U d Częstochowa e Zamość Volhynia R r HETMANATE G Cracow Little Narol Berestechko Kyiv Hadiach Ostroh E Poland Zaslav Pereiaslav Brno M Lviv Polonne P R I ut Zbarazh Bila Tserkva D R he P ni E n od Bar Nemyriv Subotiv epe ia ol r Vienna Zboriv ia Uman Chyhyryn Tul'chyn D ni es Zaporozhia te r Azov B u e OTTO g at M an AN h E K M n P a IR e Sea of E m i Azov Boundaries, 1650 r C Hetmanate, 1650 Boundary with ube Muscovy, after 1667 Dan Black Sea MAP I.1. Map of Eastern Europe ca. 1650. Courtesy of Beehive Mapping..