REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN 2456-0170 CHAMPAKA – AN AROMATIC BOON 1Dr Keerti Desai 2Dr Lalitha B.R 1PG Scholar, 2Prof & HOD, Dept of Dravyaguna, Govt Ayurveda Medical College, Bengaluru -India ABSTRACT Chamapaka is one of the important drug from Pushpa varga of Bhavaprakasha nighantu, known as Atigandha. M. champaca belonging to family Magnoliaceae is an evergreen tree mainly cultivated in Indian gardens and near temples for its fragrant flowers and handsome foliage. Its highly distributed in eastern Sub-Himalayan tract, West Bengal, Mayanmar and South India in addition to China. It is noted for perfumery and envisaged as ‘Joy perfume tree’. ‘Joy’ the second bestselling perfume in the world is derived in part from the essential oil of champaca flowers. Champaka finds its utility in ethnomedicine like bark is diuretic, febrifuge and flowers, fruits are anti-spasmodic, stomachic and also in commercial industries. Flowers are the source of Champa oil, used in perfumery, in preparation of attars and perfumed hair oils. Current review article encompasses different views in Ayurveda literature and botanical description, cultivation, powder microscopy and extraction method. KEYWORDS: Champaka, Cultivation, Extraction, Economical importance, Aroma therapy INTRODUCTION Magnoliaceae family consists of Hence it is widely used in making of nearly 250 species, including many exclusive and exotic perfumes. The champa handsome, fragrant-flowering trees and attar is extensively used in aroma therapy to shrubs. One among them is Magnolia treat patients. Its aril-covered seeds are champaca Linn., known as champak in highly attractive to birds. Wood is used for English. It is a large evergreen tree in posts, boards, veneers, furniture, decorative this family. The tree is native to Southeast fittings and ship-building. It is also suitable Asia-Indochina1. It is found in Tropical and for bent- wood ribs, general joinery work, Sub-tropical moist broad leaf forest bobbins, drums, battery separators and tea ecoregions. Though there are few references chest plywood. Hence the present article is pertaining to Champaka available from an attempt to throw light on the economical Samhitas, in later period Nighantukaras have importance of champaka along with its habit, dealt in detail. Champaka is instilled with cultivation, extraction methods etc., properties like Vataraktahara, kushtaghna, Scientific name: Magnolia champaca Linn. krimighna etc., Champa attar is on high Syn. (Michelia champaca) Linn. demand in market due to its enticing aroma. Family: Magnoliaceae 822 www.ayurpub.com Mar-Apr 2018 Vol III, Issue 2 Keerti Desai et al; Champaka – An Aromatic Boon AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE: The word Michelia has been given in tribute Synonyms of Champaka2-8:- Champeya, of the florentine botanist Pietro Antonio Hemapushpa, Kanchana, Swarnapushpa, Micheli. Champaca word is derived from Hemahva, Peetapushpa, Sthirapushpa, Sanskrit word ‘Champaka’. Deepa pushpa, Surabhi, Subhaga, TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION20: Kusumendra, Ramya, Kumarivallabha, Kingdom Plantae Sukumara, Varalabdha, Bringamohi, Division Tracheophyta Bhramara, Vanadeepa, Sheetala, Class Magnoliopsida Sheetachhada, Sthiragandha, Atigandha. order Magnoliales 2-7, 10-13 family Magnoliaceae GANA/VARGA genre Magnolia L. Dhanwantari nighantu Aamradi varga species M. champaca (L.) Baill. ex Kaiyadeva nighantu Oshadhi varga Pierre Bhavaprakasha Pushpa varga 21 VERNACULAR NAMES : nighantu English - Golden champa Raja nighantu Karaveeradi varga Madanapala nighantu Karpuradi varga Hindi - Champa Nighantu shesha Vriksha kanda Kannada - Sampige Shodala nighantu Vishaya sangraha Tamil - Sampangi Rajavallabha nighantu Rajanibhava Telugu - Chattusampangi parichheda Marati - Sonachanpha Abhidana manjari Sankeerna varga Gujarathi - Sachochampo Abhidana ratnamala Katu skanda Bengali - Champa Konkani - Pudchampo VARIETIES5: BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: Two types are explained by Raja 22 Habit : It is a tree growing upto 30 m nighantukara height, with grey bark, lenticellate. Stem 1.Rajachampaka aerial, erect, woody. 2. Kshudra (vana) champaka Leaves simple, alternate, spiral. lamina 9.5- KARMA2-5: Dahanashana, Kandughna, 25cm by 3.5-9cm, elliptic-lanceolate, apex Krimighna, Kushtaghna, Vranahara, acuminate, base acute to attenuate, margin Chakshushya, Hridya, Sugandhi slightly undulate, glabrous, strongly and ROGAGHNATA 3-5,9: Kusta, Mutrakrichra, reticulately nerved. Petiole 1-3cm long and Vatarakta, Raktapittahara stout. Flower Solitary, axillary, large, yellow PART USED14: Flower to orange, bracteate with short pedicel, POSOLOGY14:Powder1-3gm 15-18 complete, actinomorphic and very fragrant. FORMULATONS OF CHAMPAKA : Perianth usually 15-20 tepals, in whorls of 3 Ekadashashatika prasarini taila, each; either all the 3 whorls petalloid or Baladhatryadi taila, Chandanabalalakshadi sometimes outermost tepals become taila, Eladi taila, Mahasugandhi sepaloid. Fruit is etaerio of follicle, warty, 2- lakshmivilasa taila 3 cm long, arranged as spike, dehiscing Michelia(Magnolia)champaca: dorsally. ETYMOLOGY19,21 823 www.ayurpub.com Mar-Apr 2018 Vol III, Issue 2 Keerti Desai et al; Champaka – An Aromatic Boon Seed single, scarlet and endospermic. hexadecadienoic, stearic, oleic, arachidic, Botanical sources of Champaka23: eicosenoic and hexadecanoic acid. 1. Michelia champaca L. CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION24: 2. Michelia nilagirica Zenk The tree thrives best in damp and requires 3. Michelia Montana BL. deep moist soil. It is a moderate light 4. Michelia doltsopa Buch.- Ham. EX DC demander and is sensitive to frost. Natural PHARMACOGNOSY14: regeneration is usually plentiful around Macroscopic characters mother trees. Artificial reproduction is Consists of broken pieces of pedicel, sepal, accompanied by sowing fresh seeds in the petal, anthers, gynophore (torus), flowers nursery and transplanting 12-15 months old solitary, fragrant, crumbled, blackish-brown seedlings. Seeds are pretreated with in colour; sepal brown, linear, acute; petal Gibberlic acid for better germination and dark brown, oblong; stamens numerous; sown at 1.5 cm depth in the nursery beds, anther linear, adnate, introrse; gynophore, germination commences after 38 days and 2.5-4 cm long; curved style with beak- completes within 70 days. Root and shoot shaped simple stigma. cuttings may also be used. Stump planting Microscopic characters has been successful in some places. Powder - Dark-brown; shows fragments of EXTRACTION METHOD: parenchymatous cells, broken unicellular Champa oil can be obtained from subcritical trichomes, vessels with spiral thickening, a CO2 and methanol, hydro-distillation, few prismatic and cluster crystals of calcium solvent extraction. Comparative studies on oxalate; a few irregular shaped, elongated, different extractions of champaka have lignified, stone cells with narrow lumen in concluded subcritical CO2 as the optimum singles or groups; fairly large circular to process among the three processes for spherical, brown coloured, numerous obtaining champa oil with high quality. The smooth pollen grains measuring 67-82 µ in essential oil yield on extraction with dia. having clear exine and intine and a few subcritical CO2 and methanol are 70% and oil globules. 80% respectively. In CO2 extraction β- CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS24-26 elemene content extracted is 19.8% at Root and Stem bark have liriodenine, temperature 200-220 C and 60-65 bar Magnosprengerine, salicifoline pressure which is more than other extraction Root bark yields sesquiterpine lactones, methods. The chemical composition of the costunolide, parthenolide, champaka oil obtained by different methods dihydroparthenolide and micheliolide. were determined by GC and GC/MS and Leaves contain polysorprenoid, β-sitosterol subcritical CO2 is optimum process among and liriodenine. the three process and compared to methanol Flower - Essential oil contains β-elemene, process.27 borneol, caryophylline, α-humulene, Subcritical Fluid Extraction: CO2 is used spathulenol and quercetin. both in supercritical and subcritical fluid Seed oil -Myristic, palmitic, extraction because its solvency power can 824 www.ayurpub.com Mar-Apr 2018 Vol III, Issue 2 Keerti Desai et al; Champaka – An Aromatic Boon change by simply adjusting the temperature protein levels and further confirmed by and pressure during the extraction. If the histopathological study.30 temperature is drops below 88F, the Ethanolic, Aqueous and petroleum ether CO2 changes to a liquid and is referred to as extracts of flower buds of Michelia subcritical.When the pressure and champaca Linn. Were tested for Anti- temperature of the CO2 are above diabetic activity. Treatment of diabetic rats 1083psi and 88F, the CO2 is considered with Ethanolic extract of the plant restored supercritical.28 the elevated biochemical parameters Subcritical CO2 produces much lesser yields significantly. The crude Aqueous and than supercritical, but they retain the Petroleum ether extracts were found active essential oils, terpenes and other sensitive only at the end of the first hour.31 chemicals within the plant. Work was done to test Procognitive effects Procedure: of Hexane Extracts of Michelia champaca Subcritical fluid extraction is similar to Leaves in Normal and Memory Deficit supercritical extraction except for the Mice. The higher dose of Michelia temperature which is below the critical point champaca extract exhibited more promising in subcritical extraction. The system nootropic potential, which closely contains a pump for the CO2, a pressure cell approximated the