TEACHER’S GUIDE For AEROSPACE: THE JOURNEY OF FLIGHT March 2008 This document was prepared by Civil Air Patrol. Contents Preface iv National Standards 1 Part One: The Rich History of Air Power Chapter 1 – Introduction to Air Power 10 Chapter 2 – The Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919 15 Chapter 3 – The Golden Age: 1919-1939 21 Chapter 4 – Air Power Goes to War 27 Chapter 5 – Aviation: From the Cold War to Desert Storm 35 Chapter 6 – Advances in Aeronautics 45 Part Two: Principles of Flight and Navigation Chapter 7 – Basic Aeronautics and Aerodynamics 48 Chapter 8 – Aircraft in Motion 52 Chapter 9 – Flight Navigation 58 Part Three: The Aerospace Community Chapter 10 – The Airport 63 Chapter 11 – Air Carriers 65 Chapter 12 – General Aviation 68 Chapter 13 – Business and Commercial Aviation 71 Chapter 14 – Military Aircraft 75 Chapter 15 – Helicopters, STOL, VTOL and UAVs 79 Chapter 16 – Aerospace Organizations 84 Chapter 17 – Aerospace Careers and Training 88 Part Four: Air Environment Chapter 18 – The Atmosphere 92 Chapter 19 – Weather Elements 98 Chapter 20 – Aviation Weather 102 Part Five: Rockets Chapter 21 – Rocket Fundamentals 106 Chapter 22 – Chemical Propulsion 110 Chapter 23 – Orbits and Trajectories 114 Part Six: Space Chapter 24 – Space Environment 118 Chapter 25 – Our Solar System 123 Chapter 26 – Unmanned Space Exploration 129 Chapter 27 – Manned Spacecraft 137 ii Multiple Choice Sample Test Bank Part One: The Rich History of Air Power Chapter 1 – Introduction to Air Power 13 Chapter 2 – The Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919 18 Chapter 3 – The Golden Age: 1919-1939 25 Chapter 4 – Air Power Goes to War 32 Chapter 5 – Aviation: From the Cold War to Desert Storm 43 Chapter 6 – Advances in Aeronautics 47 Part Two: Principles of Flight and Navigation Chapter 7 – Basic Aeronautics and Aerodynamics 50 Chapter 8 – Aircraft in Motion 56 Chapter 9 – Flight Navigation 61 Part Three: The Aerospace Community Chapter 10 – The Airport 64 Chapter 11 – Air Carriers 67 Chapter 12 – General Aviation 69 Chapter 13 – Business and Commercial Aviation 73 Chapter 14 – Military Aircraft 78 Chapter 15 – Helicopters, STOL, VTOL and UAVs 81 Chapter 16 – Aerospace Organizations 85 Chapter 17 – Aerospace Careers and Training 89 Part Four: Air Environment Chapter 18 – The Atmosphere 95 Chapter 19 – Weather Elements 99 Chapter 20 – Aviation Weather 103 Part Five: Rockets Chapter 21 – Rocket Fundamentals 107 Chapter 22 – Chemical Propulsion 111 Chapter 23 – Orbits and Trajectories 115 Part Six: Space Chapter 24 – Space Environment 120 Chapter 25 – Our Solar System 126 Chapter 26 – Unmanned Space Exploration 132 Chapter 27 – Manned Spacecraft 137 iii Preface This guide was designed to help teachers use Aerospace: The Journey of Flight in their classrooms. It consists of detailed lesson plans for each chapter. The lesson plans include presentation steps, major points and supporting information. Each chapter also includes several objectives with descriptive verbs that should be easily verifiable and measurable. Additionally, this guide contains a sample test for each chapter. The sample tests present multiple choice and true/false questions that could be used on a test. The sample tests are located at the end of each chapter. Finally, this teacher’s guide includes national standards. These are academic content standards that describe what every student should know and be able to do in the core academic areas (e.g., mathematics, science, English language arts, and social studies). These standards are criteria for judging quality and are important resources for providing a framework for curriculum design as well as criteria for school accountability. iv National Standards Aerospace: The Journey of Flight Part One: The Rich History of Air Power (Chapters 1-6) Science Standards Mathematics English Social Technology Standards Language Studies Standards Arts Standards Standards Physical Science: 1. Number and 1. Reading for 2. Time, 3. • Motions and Operations Standard: Perspective Continuity, and Understanding Forces • Understanding Change of the numbers, relationships ways of among representing technologies numbers, and and the number connections systems. between technology and other fields of study. Science and 9. Connections 2. 6. Power, 4. Technology: Standard: Understanding Authority, and Understanding • Abilities of • Recognize the Human Governance of the cultural, technological and apply Experience social, design mathematics economic, and • Understandings in contexts political effects about science outside of of technology. and technology mathematics. Unifying Concepts and 3. Evaluation 8. Science, 6. Processes: Strategies Technology, Understanding • Evidence, and Society of the role of models, and society in the explanations development • Form and and use of function technology. 6. Applying 9. Global 7. Knowledge Connections Understanding of the influence of technology on history. 12. Applying Language Skills 1 Aerospace: The Journey of Flight Part Two: Principles of Flight and Navigation (Chapters 7-9) Science Standards Mathematics English Social Technology Standards Language Studies Standards Arts Standards Standard s Physical Science: 1. Number and 3. 8. Science, 1. • Structure and Operations Standard: Evaluation Technology, Understanding of properties of • Compute Strategies and Society the characteristics matter fluently and and scope of • Motions and make technology. forces reasonable • Conservation of estimates. energy Earth and Space Science: 3. Geometry Standard: 7. Applying 3. Understanding • Energy in the • Specify Knowledge of the earth system locations and relationships describe among spatial technologies and relationships the connections using between coordinate technology and geometry and other fields of other study. representations system. Science and Technology: 4. Measurement 12. 6. Understanding • Abilities of Standard: Applying of the role of technological • Understand Language society in the design measurable Skills development and • Understandings attributes of use of about science and objects and the technology. technology units, systems, and processes of measurement Science in Personal and 5. Data Analysis and 8. Understanding Social Perspectives: Probability Standard: of the attributes • Science and • Select and use of design. technology in appropriate local, national, statistical and global methods to challenges analyze data. • Develop and evaluate inferences and predictions that are based on data. 2 9. Understanding of engineering design. 10. Understanding of the role of troubleshooting, research and development, invention and innovation, and experimentation in problem solving. 3 Aerospace: The Journey of Flight Part Three: The Aerospace Community (Chapters 10-17) Science Standards Mathematics English Social Technology Standards Language Studies Standards Arts Standards Standards Physical Science: 1. Number and 1. Reading for 3. People, 1. • Motions and Operations Standard: Perspective Places, and Understanding of forces • Understanding Environments the numbers, characteristics ways of and scope of representing technology. numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems. Science and 5. Data Analysis and 3. Evaluation 5. Individuals, 3. Technology: Probability Standard: Strategies Groups, and Understanding of • Abilities of • Develop and Institutions the relationships technological evaluate among design inferences and technologies and • Understandings predictions the connections about science that are based between and technology on data. technology and other fields of study. Science in Personal and 4. Social Perspectives: Understanding of • Environmental the cultural, quality social, economic, • Natural and and political human-induced effects of hazards technology. • Science and technology in local, national and global challenges History and Nature of 10. Civic 5. Science: Ideals and Understanding of • Science as a Practices the effects of human technology on endeavor the environment. • Nature of scientific knowledge • Historical perspectives 4 6. Understanding of the role of society in the development and use of technology. 8. Understanding of the attributes of design. 10. Understanding of the role of troubleshooting, research and development, invention and innovation, and experimentation in problem solving. 5 Aerospace: The Journey of Flight Part Four: Air Environment (Chapters 18-20) Science Standards Mathematics English Social Technology Standards Language Studies Standards Arts Standards Standard s Physical Science: 4. Measurement Standards: 3. 3. People, 3. • Structure and • Understand Evaluation Places, and Understanding properties of measurable Strategies Environments of the matter attributes of relationships • Conservation objects and the among of energy and units, systems, and technologies the increase in processes of and the disorder measurement. connections • Interactions of • Apply appropriate between energy and techniques, tools, technology and matter and formulas to other fields of determine study. measurements. Earth and Space 6. Problem Solving 12. Science: Standard: Applying • Energy in the • Solve problems Language earth system that arise in Skills mathematics and in other contexts. Science in Personal 9. Connections Standard: and Social • Recognize and Perspectives: apply mathematics • Natural and in contexts outside human- of mathematics. induced hazards • Science and technology in local, national, and global challenges History and Nature of Science: • Nature of scientific knowledge