FAMILY Syngnathidae Bonaparte, 1831 - pipefishes, seahorses SUBFAMILY Syngnathinae Bonaparte, 1831 - tail-brooding pipefishes, seahorses [=Signatidi, Aphyostomia, Lophobranchi, Syngnathidae, Scyphini, Siphostomini, Doryrhamphinae, Nerophinae, Doryrhamphinae, Solegnathinae, Gastrotokeinae, Gastrophori, Urophori, Doryichthyina, Sygnathoidinae (Syngnathoidinae), Phyllopteryginae, Acentronurinae, Leptoichthyinae, Haliichthyinae] Notes: Signatidi Rafinesque, 1810b:36 [ref. 3595] (ordine) Syngnathus [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Aphyostomia Rafinesque, 1815:90 [ref. 3584] (family) ? Syngnathus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Lophobranchi Jarocki, 1822:326, 328 [ref. 4984] (family) ? Syngnathus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Syngnathidae Bonaparte, 1831:163, 185 [ref. 4978] (family) Syngnathus Scyphini Nardo, 1843:244 [ref. 31940] (subfamily) Scyphius [correct stem is Scyphi- Sheiko 2013:75 [ref. 32944]] Siphostomini Bonaparte, 1846:9, 89 [ref. 519] (subfamily) Siphostoma [correct stem is Siphostomat-; subfamily name sometimes seen as Siphonostominae based on Siphonostoma, but that name preoccupied in Copepoda] Doryrhamphinae Kaup, 1853:233 [ref. 2569] (subfamily) Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856 [no valid type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Nerophinae Kaup, 1853:234 [ref. 2569] (subfamily) Nerophis Doryrhamphinae Kaup, 1856c:54 [ref. 2575] (subfamily) Doryrhamphus Solegnathinae Gill, 1859b:149 [ref. 1762] (subfamily) Solegnathus [Duncker 1912:231 [ref. 1156] used Solenognathina (subfamily) based on Solenognathus] Gastrotokeinae Gill, 1896c:158 [ref. 1743] (subfamily) Gasterotokeus [as Gastrotokeus, name must be corrected Article 32.5.3; ever corrected?] Gastrophori Duncker, 1912:220, 227 [ref. 1156] (group) [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Urophori Duncker, 1912:220, 231 [ref. 1156] (group) [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Doryichthyina Duncker, 1912:220, 229 [ref. 1156] (subfamily) Doryichthys Sygnathoidinae [Syngnathoidinae] Fowler, 1928:110 [ref. 5596] (subfamily) Syngnathoides [corrected to Syngnathoidinae by Fowler 1951b:3 [ref.31928], confirmed by Whitley & Allan 1958:51 [ref. 21838] and by Lindberg 1971:108 [ref. 27211]] Phyllopteryginae Fowler, 1951b:3 [ref.31928] (subfamily) Phyllopteryx [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; name only, but used as valid by Whitley & Allan 1958:61 [ref. 21838] Article 13.2.1] Acentronurinae Whitley & Allan, 1958:50 [ref. 21838] (subfamily) Acentronura Leptoichthyinae Whitley & Allan, 1958:58 [ref. 21838] (subfamily) Leptoichthys Haliichthyinae Whitley & Allan, 1958:61 [ref. 21838] (subfamily) Haliichthys [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1] GENUS Acentronura Kaup, 1853 - pygmy pipehorses [=Acentronura (subgenus of Hippocampus) Kaup [J. J.], 1853:230, Atelurus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:584] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Fem. Hippocampus gracilissimus Temminck & Schlegel, 1850. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Acentronura Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1984 [ref. 5276], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:15 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:446 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:412 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:443 [ref. 22532], Paulus 1999:2266 [ref. 24794], Teske et al. 2004:273 [ref. 31602], Paxton et al. 2006:812 [ref. 29073]). Current status: Valid as Acentronura Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Atelurus) [ref. 1147]. Masc. Atelurus germani Duméril, 1870. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853 – (Dawson 1985:15 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Species Acentronura breviperula Fraser-Brunner & Whitley, 1949 - Fraser-Bruner's pygmy pipehorse [=Acentronura breviperula Fraser-Brunner [A.] & Whitley [G. P.], 1949:148, Fig. 1] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 2); ref. 13010] Mabuiag, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Acentronura breviperula Fraser-Brunner & Whitley, 1949. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northeastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific: East Andaman Sea (Thailand and Myanmar), Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and northern Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Habitat: marine. Species Acentronura gracilissima (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) - bastard seahorse [=Hippocampus gracilissimus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1850:274, Pl. 120 (fig. 6), Atelurus germani Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:584] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part; ref. 4375] Japan. Current status: Valid as Acentronura gracilissima (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine. (germani) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Cochinchine [? southern Vietnam]. Current status: Synonym of Acentronura gracilissima (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. Species Acentronura mossambica Smith, 1963 - Smith's pygmy pipehorse [=Acentronura mossambica Smith [J. L. B.], 1963:522, Pl. 76 (figs. F-G)] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 27; ref. 6516] Inhaca, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Acentronura mossambica Smith, 1963. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine. Species Acentronura tentaculata Gunther, 1870 - shortpouch pygmy pipehorse [=Acentronura tentaculata Günther [A.], 1870:516, Syngnathoides algensis Fourmanoir [P.], 1955:210] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Acentronura tentaculata Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine. (algensis) [Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar. Série A, Biologie Animale v. 9; ref. 12271] Dzaoudzi, Mayotte Island, Comoro Islands. Current status: Synonym of Acentronura tentaculata Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. GENUS Amphelikturus Parr, 1930 - pygmy pipehorses [=Amphelikturus Parr [A. E.], 1930:31] Notes: [ref. 3370]. Masc. Amphelikturus brachyrhynchus Parr, 1930. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853, but a valid subgenus Amphelikturus -- (Dawson 1984:159 [ref. 5276], Dawson 1986:447 [ref. 5650]). •Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1985:15 [ref. 6541]). •Valid as Amphelikturus Parr, 1930 -- (Dawson 1982:10 [ref. 6764], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Teske et al. 2004:273 [ref. 31602], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 1 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Valid as Amphelikturus Parr, 1930. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Species Amphelikturus dendriticus (Barbour, 1904) - pygmy pipehorse [=Siphostoma dendriticum Barbour [T.], 1905:115, Pl. 1, Amphelikturus brachyrhynchus Parr [A. E.], 1930:32, Fig. 7] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 46 (no. 7); ref. 15336] Off Ireland Island, Bermuda, depth about 7 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Amphelikturus dendriticus (Barbour, 1905). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (brachyrhynchus) [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 3 (art. 4); ref. 3370] Crooked Island, Bahamas. Current status: Synonym of Amphelikturus dendriticus (Barbour, 1905). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. GENUS Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935 - pipefishes [=Anarchopterus Hubbs [C. L.], 1935:1, Simosyngnathus Fowler [H. W.], 1940:12] Notes: [ref. 2245]. Masc. Siphostoma crinigerum Bean & Dresel, 1884. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935 -- (Dawson 1982:33 [ref. 6764], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Kuiter 2009:240 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Simosyngnathus) [ref. 1435]. Masc. Siphostoma crinigerum Bean & Dresel, 1884. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Objective synonym of Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935 -- (Dawson 1982:33 [ref. 6764]). Current status: Synonym of Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Species Anarchopterus criniger (Bean & Dresel, 1884) - fringed pipefish [=Siphostoma crinigerum Bean [T. H.] & Dresel [H. G.], 1884:99] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 2; ref. 16051] Pensacola, northwestern Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Anarchopterus criniger (Bean & Dresel, 1884). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina and Bahamas to Gulf of Mexico. Habitat: marine. Species Anarchopterus tectus (Dawson, 1978) - insular pipefish [=Micrognathus tectus Dawson [C. E.], 1978:15, Fig. 2] Notes: [Copeia 1978 (no. 1); ref. 8939] 0.4 kilometers north-northwest of Alligator Reef Light, Monroe County, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Anarchopterus tectus (Dawson, 1978). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. GENUS Apterygocampus Weber, 1913 - pipefishes [=Apterygocampus Weber [M.], 1913:115] Notes: [ref. 4602]. Masc. Apterygocampus epinnulatus Weber, 1913. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Apterygocampus Weber, 1913 -- (Dawson & Allen 1978:402 [ref. 1073], Dawson 1985:19 [ref. 6541], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794]). Current status: Valid as Apterygocampus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Species Apterygocampus epinnulatus Weber, 1913 - pipefish [=Apterygocampus epinnulatus Weber [M.], 1913:116, Fig. 42] Notes: [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Gesser Island,