Durham E-Theses ISSUES IN THE SUBTITLING AND DUBBING OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE FILMS INTO ARABIC: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS ALKADI, TAMMAM How to cite: ALKADI, TAMMAM (2010) ISSUES IN THE SUBTITLING AND DUBBING OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE FILMS INTO ARABIC: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/326/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 ISSUES IN THE SUBTITLING AND DUBBING OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE FILMS INTO ARABIC: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS By Tammam Alkadi © Supervised by PROF. PAUL STARKEY DR MICHAEL THOMPSON A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Arabic School of Modern Languages and Cultures Faculty of Arts and Humanities University of Durham 2010 ABSTRACT This study investigates the problems that translators tend to face in the subtitling and dubbing of English-language films and television programmes into Arabic and suggests solutions for these problems. In the light of an examination of the generic features of audiovisual translation and of the particular cultural constraints inherent in translation for Arabic-speaking audiences, it is proposed that certain elements of translation theory can be useful in overcoming the technical and cultural barriers identified. This proposition is tested through analysis of the translation of three feature films, one television sitcom and an animation series that have been subtitled and dubbed into Arabic, with a particular focus on the translation of dialect, swear words, and humour. Technical, linguistic and cultural issues constitute a challenge to Arabic translators who need to deal with: 1) the limitations on screen such as space, time, lip and character synchronizations; 2) the issue of rendering English varieties into Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and 3) the problem of culture which restricts them when they want to translate taboo expressions. This results in a loss (partial or complete) of the source film‘s message. Each of the audiovisual works mentioned above was considered as a case study that was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Interviews, experiments and a questionnaire were conducted in this respect to find answers to the research questions. The interviews aimed to gather evidence of how professionals translate, what problems they face, and what possible solutions they may suggest for them. The experiments and the questionnaire, on the other hand, were audience-focused tools in the sense that sample audiences watched and judged the ability of a translation both in subtitled and dubbed forms to deliver the message of a movie to them, and therefore, provided evidence on the relative effectiveness of different translation procedures. Based on this, solutions were both suggested and tested in terms of their viability to overcome the barriers that emerge during the subtitling and dubbing of dialect, swear words and humour into Arabic. The findings show that translators have significant scope for improving the quality of their output, especially by adopting a more functional translation approach that can help them successfully deal with the difficulties inherent in this type of translation and make the translated dialogue have a similar effect on the target audience as that which the source text has on its audience. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. ix SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION ...................................................................... x DECLARATION .................................................................................................... xi COPYRIGHT ....................................................................................................... xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... xiii DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... xiv PREFACE ............................................................................................................ xv Chapter 1…………………………………………………………………………………1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Overview of chapter ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Objectives of the study ........................................................................... 2 1.2 Research questions ................................................................................ 4 1.3 Rationale and motivation of the study ..................................................... 6 1.4 Overview of the thesis ............................................................................ 7 Chapter 2………………………………………………………………………………....9 LITERATURE ....................................................................................................... 9 2.0 Overview of chapter ................................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 9 2.2 Translation theory and audiovisual translation ...................................... 10 2.2.1 Applying the functional approach: skopos theory .......................... 16 2.3 Subtitling ............................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Subtitling dialects: spoken into written? ......................................... 21 2.3.1.1 Dialects and class ........................................................................ 22 2.3.1.2 Styles of English .......................................................................... 25 iii 2.3.1.3 Dialects and grammar .................................................................. 26 2.3.1.4 Literature on the subtitling of dialects .......................................... 27 2.3.2 Subtitling swearing and the influence of censorship on translation 30 2.3.3 Subtitling humour ........................................................................... 35 2.4 Quality in audiovisual translation .......................................................... 43 2.5 Dubbing ................................................................................................ 47 2.5.1 Barriers to dubbing into Arabic ....................................................... 48 2.5.1.1 Cultural barriers ........................................................................... 48 2.5.1.2 Aesthetic barriers ......................................................................... 49 2.5.1.3 Synchronization in dubbing .......................................................... 50 2.5.2 Arabic varieties and the possibility of dubbing ............................... 54 2.5.2.1 Arab regional dialects or language varieties ................................ 56 2.5.2.2 Syntactic differences between Arabic dialects ............................. 58 2.5.2.3 Semantic differences between dialects ........................................ 61 2.5.3 Literature on dubbing ..................................................................... 62 2.6 Subtitling versus Dubbing ..................................................................... 65 2.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 68 Chapter 3………………………………………………………………………………..70 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 70 3.0 Overview of chapter .............................................................................. 70 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 70 3.2 The use of qualitative data .................................................................... 71 3.2.1 Case study design and analysis ..................................................... 71 3.2.2 Interviews ....................................................................................... 72 3.3 The use of quantitative data ................................................................. 75 3.3.1 Experiments ................................................................................... 75 3.3.2 Questionnaire ................................................................................. 77 3.4 Rigour of study ..................................................................................... 78 3.5 Methodological issues and dilemmas ................................................... 79 3.5.1 Personal