NNFCC Options and opportunities for waste to energy technologies Dr Geraint Evans Head of Biofuels and Bioenergy NNFCC NNFCC Today’s presentation – UK W2E Scene • Waste available • Policy – focus on MSW/C&I • Waste to energy – Mass burn incineration – Advanced thermal processes – gasification • Power • Heat • Fuels – Biochemical processes NNFCC UK waste arisings, million tonnes/year (2008) Northern England Wales Scotland Total Ireland MSW 28.5 1.8 3 1.1 34.4 C&I waste 67.9 5.3 7.8 1.6 82.6 C&D waste 89.6 12.2 11.8 5 118.6 Total 186 19.3 22.6 7.7 235.6 • About half goes to landfill • Landfilling will decline over next decade but will still be in use NNFCC As electrical power equivalent in GWe, assuming 25% conversion efficiency Northern England Wales Scotland Total Ireland MSW 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.6 C&I waste 5.0 0.4 0.6 0.1 6.1 C&D 2.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 3.0 waste Total 9.4 0.8 1.1 0.3 11.7 • Compare against: – Drax – 4 GWe; 7% of UK power supply – Air Products IGCC – 50 MWe – Typical mass burn incineration plant – 25 MWe NNFCC Bioenergy Strategy - April 2012 • Sets out the Governments approach to ensuring that the benefits from bioenergy are secured. • Four principles ensure: – Looking out to 2050, genuine carbon reductions are achieved – Bioenergy is cost effective – Regular assessment of potential unintended consequences • Uncertainty is not sufficient to justify inaction. Lower risk pathways have been identified: – Use of wastes – Heat (direct biomass and biomethane) – Transport, in particular advanced biofuels – Electricity, primarily coal conversion but also CHP – longer term, CCS becomes important. NNFCC Doing the right thing • Defra Waste Review – Get the most energy out of residual waste and not the most waste into energy recovery • Waste incineration directive (WID) – The WID places strict conditions and minimum technical requirements on operators • Waste hierarchy – Will limit available waste NNFCC Energy from waste options Mass burn MRF MBT Thermal Gasification MHT Pyrolysis RDF Waste Treatment SRF RRBF Composting Biological AD Sugars fermentation NNFCC Combustion converts the chemical energy in the waste into heat; gasification and pyrolysis convert the chemical energy in the waste into chemical energy in a gaseous (or liquid) form. NNFCC NNFCC NNFCC Key features • Strict compliance with WID – but, poor image; challenging planning • Large scale (250-300 kT/yr) - economics driven • Typically 23% efficient although latest plants quoting 27% – Efficiency will drop if insufficient feed material or if feed too wet kT/yr MWe Name Location 1 EFW NNFCC850 70 Viridor/Ineos/John Laing CHP (plus 51 Runcorn MWth) 2 EFW 670 95 Peel Environmental Ince Ltd Cheshire 3 EFW 585 66 Cory Environmental Riverside EFW London 4 EFW 675 51 London Waste Ltd Edmonton 5 EFW 500 51 Allington Quarry Kent 6 EFW 500 38 Kent Enviropower Ltd Maidstone 7 EFW 488 37 South East London CHPr Limited Lewisham 8 EFW 410 37 Lakeside Energy From Waste Limited Colnbrook, Slough 9 EFW 300 32 Sita London 10 EFW 420 31 Selchp Middlesex 11 EFW 400 30 Tyseley Waste Disposal Ltd Birmingham 12 EFW 350 30 Viridor, Trident Park Cardiff 13 EFW 280 26 Peel Environment CHP North Yorkshire 14 EFW 300 26 Biffa Skelton Grange Leeds 15 EFW 300 25 Project E2R (Veolia for Staffs CC) Staffordshire 16 EFW 300 24 Oxford waste partnership Oxfordshire 17 EFW 315 24 Coventry/Solihull Waste Disp Co Ltd Coventry 18 EFW 245 23 MVV Umwelt Plymouth waste CHP Plymouth 19 EFW 300 22 FCC Environment Buckinghamshire 20 EFW 300 21 Newhurst EFW, Biffa Leicestershire 21 EFW 275 20 Norfolk PFI EFW Norfolk 22 EFW 260 20 WasteNotts (Reclamation) Ltd Nottingham 23 EFW 250 20 Bogmoor Road, Peel Environmental Ltd Glasgow 24 EFW 263 20 SITA Tees Valley Limited Billingham, Teesside NNFCC 11.5 MT waste; 1,000 MWe. Up to about 20% thermally processed now; could rise to about 34% (excluding gasification projects) kT/yr MWe Name Location 25 EFW 242 19.25 Veolia ES South Downs Ltd Newhaven 26 EFW 225 17 Veolia ES Sheffield Limited Sheffield 27 EFW 210 16 MES Environmental Limited Stoke 28 EFW 187 14 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd (Marchwood) Southampton 29 EFW 187 14 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd Portsmouth 30 EFW 150 11 SITA (Kirklees) Limited Huddersfield 31 EFW 127 10 Greater Manchester Waste Ltd Bolton 32 EFW 110 8 MES Environmental Limited Wolverhampton 33 EFW 102 8 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd Chineham 34 EFW 105 8 MES Environmental Limited Dudley, West Midlands 35 EFW 85 7.25 Viridor, Peterborough Peterborough 36 EFW n/a 7 Sita, Richmond Hill, Douglas Isle of Man 37 EFW 60 3 Viridor, Devon CC Exeter 38 EFW 56 4 Newlincs Development Ltd Grimsby 39 EFW 53 4 Neath Port Talbot Recycling Ltd Swansea 40 EFW 22 7 MWt Lerwick (heat only) Shetlands 41 EFW 4 0.3 Council of The Isles of Scilly Cornwall 11.5 MT waste; 1,000 Upto about MT MWe. thermally20% processed now; 11.5 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 0-50 TPA 51-100 TPA 101-150 TPA could rise to about 34% (excluding gasificationprojects) 151-200 TPA 201-250 TPA NNFCC 251-300 TPA 301-350 TPA 351-400 TPA 401-450 TPA 451-500 TPA 501-550 TPA 551-600 TPA 601-650 TPA 651-700 TPA 701-750 TPA 751-800 TPA 801-850 TPA 851-900 TPA 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 901-950 TPA 0-5 MWe 951-1000 TPA 6-10 MWe 11-15 MWe 16-20 MWe 21-25 MWe 26-30 MWe 31-35 MWe 36-40 MWe 41-45 MWe 46-50 MWe 51-55 MWe 56-60 MWe 61-65 MWe 66-70 MWe 71-75 MWe 76-80 MWe 81-85 MWe 86-90 MWe 91-95 MWe 96-100 MWe NNFCC WtE capacity in UK • Could soon to be up to about 11.5 million tonnes/year; ~1000 MWe – Was 4.4 MT in 2007. • Tightness starting to appear – North European Market estimated to have overcapacity of 6.9 140 7 MT in 2011, with gate fees falling. 120 6 6 100 80 60 3 3 3 2 2 2 40 1 1 1 20 0 0 0 0 number of landfill sites MWe net ACT Figures show number of projects NNFCC Gasification - Flexible / “no regrets” technologies • Mitigate against inherent uncertainties of projecting deployment scenarios over long timescales (including the uncertainties around CCS) – Emerging analysis (TINA, ETI, NNFCC) suggests that the development of advanced conversion technologies, in particular reliable gasification and clean-up at scale, is crucial in allowing us to realise this “insurance”. • Crucial gasification variants identified are – Advanced biofuels (e.g. FT fuels) – Biopower – Heat (biomethane/bioSNG) • Technology innovation needed to reduce cost, increase efficiency, increase reliability to support the development of flexible bioenergy which can adapt to inherent uncertainties. NNFCC Furnace/Boiler Strategy identifies Methane gasification as a key (bioSNG) opportunity – values Engine/Turbine its flexibility Fuel cell Diesel / jet fuel Fischer Tropsch Heat n-paraffins Fuels Power direct Ethanol combustion (fermentation) Mixed alcohols chemicals and materials and chemicals Gasification syngas synthesis chemical Hydrogen synthesis DiMethylEther (DME) Methanol MTO/MOGD synthesis Formaldehyde Carbon Acetyls monoxide Ammonia Fertilisers NNFCC Bioenergy Strategy Opportunities • Use of wastes • Heat (direct biomass and biomethane) • Transport, in particular advanced biofuels • Electricity, primarily coal conversion to biomass but also CHP – longer term, CCS becomes important (strong ETI interest in bioCCS). NNFCC Individual technologies are commercially available, particularly the applications. More work is needed to prove the gasification step, to develop enhanced gas clean up for the more advanced applications. The key risks are at the interfaces. Gas cleaning cleaning Gas /polishing and conditioning Syngas All applications are proven but not for Gasification cleaning & biomass – boilers and engines are conditioning most viable in near term NNFCC Gasification to power is emerging with about 800 MWe of projects. Efficiencies are in the range 18-33% with potential to increase towards 40%. Most projects use steam; where power is produced using an engine or turbine, the gasifiers are either downdraft or use plasma treatment in some way NNFCC ETI Waste to Energy Demonstrator • Royal Dahlman leads consortium to win a contract from the ETI to build a 7 MWe combined cycle (IGCC) power plant incorporating a gas turbine – MILENA indirect gasifier with OLGA syngas cleanup technology • Multi feedstock (RDF/SRF/wood) • Ongoing – Pilot plant testing – Process design – Site development • Permitting • Planning NNFCC Gasification and heat - bioSNG air tars Char natural combustion Syngas gas network C0 CH4 Gasification H 2 cooling & Methanation Purification cleaning H2 O (steam) H2 O CO2 heat wood (steam) UK electrical grid water Dual gasifier with steam, Syngas cleaning Methanation at Purification and indirect heating from to remove tars high pressure, with to ensure char combustion. First and other removal of excess bioSNG meets plants plan to use only contaminants to heat to generate network dried clean wood feedstock the ppb level power and steam standards before injection NNFCC • Biomass gasification to produce bioSNG is only at the demonstration stage, with limited experience in downstream fuel synthesis integration • Three developers now active: Developer Project Location Stage Size and start-up year 1 MW unit built at the 8 MW Güssing CHP Güssing bioSNG th BioSNG Pilot plant in June 2009, as part of the EU Bio-SNG Austria project. Previous 10kWbioSNG test-rig in 2003 REPOTEC- Eclépens Gazobois Commercial 21.5 MW plant starting in 2012 CTU Switzerland bioSNG 20 MW in 2012 + 80 MW in 2015/6 with Gothenburg bioSNG bioSNG GoBiGas Commercial Goteborg Energi & E.ON Sweden Possible 200MWbioSNG plant with E.ON after 2015 Petten 25 kW test-rig started in 2004.