Copyright@United Nations, 2017. All rights reserved PART 2 PHYSICAL HAZARDS Copyright@United Nations, 2017. All rights reserved CHAPTER 2.1 EXPLOSIVES 2.1.1 Definitions and general considerations ...1 An expos substnc (or tr) is a solid or liuid substance (or mixture of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. yrotechnic substances are included een when they do not evole gases. pyrotcnc substnc (or tr) is a substance or mixture of substances designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of these as the result of non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic chemical reactions. An expos rtc is an article containing one or more explosie substances or mixtures. A potcnc rtc is an article containing one or more pyrotechnic substances or mixtures. ...2 The class of explosives comprises (a) Explosie substances and mixtures; (b) Explosie articles, except deices containing explosive substances or mixtures in such uantity or of such a character that their inadvertent or accidental ignition or initiation shall not cause any effect external to the deice either by projection, fire, smoke, heat or loud noise; and (c) Substances, mixtures and articles not mentioned under (a) and (b) above which are manufactured with the view to producing a practical explosive or pyrotechnic effect. 2.1.2 Classification criteria ...1 Substances, mixtures and articles of this class, which are not classified as an unstable explosie, are assigned to one of the following six divisions depending on the type of hazard they present (a) iision .1 Substances, mixtures and articles which have a mass explosion hazard (a mass explosion is one which affects almost the entire quantity present virtually instantaneously); (b) iision .2 Substances, mixtures and articles which hae a projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard; (c) iision .3 Substances, mixtures and articles which have a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor proection hazard or both, but not a mass explosion hazard: (i) combustion of which gives rise to considerable radiant heat; or (ii) which burn one after another, producing minor blast or proection effects or both; (d) iision .4 Substances, mixtures and articles which present no significant hazard: substances, mixtures and articles which present only a small hazard in the event of ignition or initiation. he effects are largely confined to the package and no projection of fragments of appreciable size or range is to be expected. n external fire shall not cause virtually instantaneous explosion of almost the entire contents of the package; - 43 - - 43 - Copyright@United Nations, 2017. All rights reserved (e) iision .5 ery insensitive substances or mixtures which have a mass explosion hazard: 2.1.3 Hazard communication substances and mixtures which have a mass explosion hazard but are so insensitie that there is ery little probability of initiation or of transition from eneral and specific considerations concerning labelling reuirements are provided in Hazad burning to detonation under normal conditions; communicton: bng (Chapter .4). nnex contains summary tables about classification and labelling. nnex contains examples of precautionary statements and pictograms which can be used where allowed by the competent (f) iision .6 Extremely insensitive articles which do not have a mass explosion hazard: authority. articles which predominantly contain extremely insensitie substances or mixtures and which demonstrate a negligible probability of accidental initiation Table 2.1.2: Label elements for explosives or propagation. Unstable Division Division Division Division Division Division ...2 Explosies, which are not classified as an unstable explosive, are classified in one of the six diisions Explosive 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 above based on est Series 2 to in art I of the UN ecommendtion on the Trnot o nro Good, Manual Symbol Exploding Exploding Exploding Exploding Exploding . on orange . on orange o t nd rtia according to the following table bomb bomb bomb bomb bomb; backgrounda backgrounda o Table 2.1.1: Criteria for explosives . on orange backgrounda Category Criteria Signal anger anger anger anger Warning anger No ign a Unstable explosives or explosies of ivisions .1 to .6, the following are the core set of tests that need to be word ord or explosives of performed: Hazard nstable Explosie; Explosie; Explosie; ire or May mass No ard Division 1.1 to 1.6 Explosibility: according to Test Series 2 (Section 2 of the UN Recomendtion on statement Explosie mass seere fire, blast or projection explode in fire sttnt the rnsot o Dnro Good, Manua o t and Crtia). explosion projection projection hazard b Intentional explosies are not subject to Test Series . hazard hazard hazard. Sensitiveness: according to Test Series 3 (Section 3 of the UN Recomendtion on a Applies to ubstncs, tr and rtc subct to o regulator purpos (e.g. tansport). the rnsot o Dnro Good, Manua o t and Crtia). NOTE : Unckaged expos or xpos repacd n acagngs ot tan t origina or similar Thermal according to Test 3(c) (Sub-section 3.6.1 of the pacaging ha have t oowng b elemnt: stability: UN Recommendtions on the rnot of nros ood, Manua o Test nd rtria). () Symbol: xplodng ob; urther tests are necessary to allocate the correct Diision. () Signa ord: “Danger”; and (c) Hazard ttnt: “explosive; mass explosion hazard” a nstb expos ar tos whc r terma nstb andor too nst or norma handng, tansport and use. pcia prcautons r ncessary. ness the hazard s on to correspond to on o the hazard categoi n tb 2.1.2, n hc cse b This comprises ubstncs, tr and rtcs whc r manufactrd t w to roducng ractcl t correspondng ymbol, igna ord nd/or t hazard tatnt sha b assignd. expos or otcnc ct. NOTE : Substncs nd tr as uppd, t ost resut n t eries n art I, ecton 12, o NOTE : Exploive substnces or ixtures n ckaged om nd ticles ay classified ndr dvision .1 to t UN commendatons on t Transport o ngous oods, nua o t nd Crtria, hc r exemptd 1. nd o soe regultory puroes, e further dvidd nto cotibility ro A to to dstins tecncal fro cssicton s pos (basd on negat esut n Test er 6 n art , cton 6 o te requirements (see N ecomendtion on the rnot o Dnro ood, Modl egultion, Cter 1). UN Recomendtion on the rnot o Danrous ood, anal o Test nd rtria,) st ave posive propt Th us shoud nord o t ntnsc xpos propt bcaus they ave to consdd or NOTE : Som losi substnces nd ixtures e wetted it wter o coos, dlted it other substnces ndin – espcia t substnc or tr is oved o t acagng or epacagd – nd or torage. o o dssoved or uspendd n ter o other liquid ubstnces to uppress or edce their xploives orties. They ay tis eason, t expos propt o t substnc or tr shoud communctd n cton (Hazard be cnddte o classifiction dsensitized exploives (see ter ) or ay be treated dfferently ro xploive dntcton) nd cton (Phc and cca proptes) o t Sat Dat heet n ccordanc t b substnces nd ixtures (as dsenitized xplosives) or oe regultoy roes (e.g. trnot), ee 3.2.4.5.2. 1.5.2, nd ot ctons o t Sat Dat Sheet as ppropriat NOTE : Fo classifiction tests on oid ubstnces or mixtures, the tests sod rformed on the ubstnce 2.1.4 Decision logic and guidance o ixture esented f fo example, fo the oses o supply o trnort, the same chemical is to presented n physical orm dfferent ro tht hic was tested nd hic s conidred ikely to matrially tr ts erormance n The decision logic and guidance, which follow, are not part of the harmonized classification system, classifiction test, the substnce o ixture must lso tested n the nw orm. but have been provided here as additional guidance. t is strongly recommended that the person responsible for classification studies the criteria before and during use of the decision logic. 2.1.4.1 ecision logic The classification of substances, mixtures and articles in the class of explosives and further allocation to a diision is a very complex, three step procedure. eference to art I o t Recommendtion on the Trnot o ngous oods, Manua o t and Crtria, is necessary. he first step is to ascertain whether the substance or mixture has explosie effects (Test Series 1). he second step is the acceptance procedure (Test Series 2 to ) and the third step is the assignment to a hazard diision (Test Series 5 to ). he assessment whether a candidate for “ammonium nitrate emulsion or suspension or gel, intermediate for blasting explosives (ANE)” is insensitive enough for inclusion as an oxidizing liuid (Chapter .13) or an oxidizing solid (Chapter .14) is answered by est Series tests. he classification procedure is according to the following decision logics (see igures 2.1.1 to .1.4). - 44 - - 45 - - 44 - Copyright@United Nations, 2017. All rights reserved (e) iision .5 ery insensitive substances or mixtures which have a mass explosion hazard 2.1.3 Hazard communication substances and mixtures which have a mass explosion hazard but are so insensitie that there is ery little probability of initiation or of transition from eneral and specific considerations concerning labelling reuirements are provided in Hazad burning to detonation under normal conditions; communicton: bng (Chapter .4). nnex contains summary tables about classification and labelling. nnex contains examples of precautionary statements and pictograms which can be used where allowed by the competent (f) iision .6 Extremely insensitive articles which do not have a mass explosion hazard authority.