Agata Rozumko MODAL ADVERBS IN ENGLISH AND POLISH A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE Agata Rozumko MODAL ADVERBS IN ENGLISH AND POLISH A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE Białystok 2019 Reviewers: dr hab. Ewa Willim (UJ) Table of content dr hab. Krystyna Warchał (UŚ) Graphic design: Acknowledgements 15 Paweł Łuszyński 1. INTRODUCTION Editing: 1.1. Motivation for writing this book 17 Peter Foulds 1.2. Anglophone and Polish research into modality– a brief introduction 19 Proofreading: 1.3. Modality and the socio-cultural context 22 Peter Foulds 1.4. Aims and methodology 23 1.5. The material 27 Technical editing and typesetting: 1.6. The problem of equivalence 30 Zbigniew Łaszcz 1.7. Outline of the book 31 2. DEFINING MODALITY. RESEARCH ON MODALITY IN ANGLOPHONE AND POLISH LINGUISTICS © Copyright by Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Białystok 2019 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. Defining modality 35 2.3. Types of modality distinguished in Anglophone studies 36 This project is financed from the grant received from the Polish Ministry of 2.3.1. Epistemic modality and evidentiality 36 Science and Higher Education under the Regional Initiative of Excellence pro- 2.3.1.1. The notion of evidence and its types 44 gramme for the years 2019-2022; project number 009/RID/2018/19, the amount 2.3.1.2. Epistemic modality, evidentiality, and discourse 47 of funding: PLN 10 947.15. It has also received financial support from the Polish 2.3.2. Non-epistemic modality 49 Ministry of Science and Higher Education under subsidy for maintaining the research potential of the Faculty of Philology, University of Białystok. 2.3.2.1. Deontic modality 49 2.3.2.2. Dynamic modality 50 2.4. Approaches to modality in Polish linguistics 51 2.4.1. Epistemic modality 53 ISBN 978-83-7431-???-? 2.4.2. Imperceptive modality 54 2.4.3. Modality, metatext, and metadiscourse 55 2.5. Grammaticalization and (inter)subjectification in research on University of Białystok Press modality 58 15-328 Białystok, ul. Świerkowa 20B, (85) 745 71 20 2.6. The grammaticalization framework in Polish linguistics 63 2.7. Subjectivity, objectivity, and intersubjectivity in the study of modal http://wydawnictwo.uwb.edu.pl e-mail: [email protected] markers 64 Printing and binding: Volumina.pl, Szczecin 6 Table of content Table of content 7 2.8. Epistemic modality, evidentiality, and the socio-cultural context 68 3.11. The typology of modal adverbs employed in this book 122 2.9. Epistemic modality and politeness. The concept of face 73 3.11.1. Reportive and inferential adverbs 123 2.10. Summary of Anglophone and Polish approaches to modality 75 3.11.2. Confirmatory adverbs 124 3.11.3. Argumentative adverbs 125 3. MODAL ADVERBS IN ENGLISH AND POLISH: AN OVERVIEW 3.11.4. Epistemic emphasizers 126 OF SELECTED STUDIES 3.11.5. Low confidence adverbs 127 3.1. Introduction 76 3.11.6. Adverbs of necessity 128 3.2. Ways of expressing modality in English and Polish 76 3.12. The procedure adopted in the analysis 129 3.3. The category of adverbs in English and Polish grammar 80 3.4. Formal characteristics of English and Polish adverbs 84 4. REPORTIVE ADVERBS 3.5. Adverbs vs. particles 85 4.1. Introduction 133 3.5.1. Discourse particles vs. modal particles 87 4.2. Reportive adverbs in English 136 3.5.2. Modal adverbs vs. modal particles 88 4.2.1. Reportedly 136 3.6. Studies of modal adverbs in English 91 4.2.2. Allegedly 140 3.6.1. Quirk et al. (1985) 91 4.2.3. Supposedly 144 3.6.2. Biber et al. (1999) 95 4.2.4. Reputedly 148 3.6.3. Huddleston and Pullum (2002) 97 4.2.5. Avowedly 150 3.6.4. Greenbaum (1969) 99 4.2.6. Apparently 153 3.6.5. Swan (1988) 100 4.3. Polish equivalents of English reportive adverbs. Evidence from 3.6.6. Biber and Finegan (1988) 101 bilingual dictionaries 155 3.6.7. Hoye (1997) 102 4.4. Polish equivalents of English reportive adverbs. Evidence from the 3.6.8. Nuyts (2001a) 104 parallel corpus 157 3.6.9.Wierzbicka (2006) 104 4.4.1. Translation equivalents of reportedly 159 3.6.10. Simon-Vandenbergen and Aijmer (2007) 106 4.4.2. Translation equivalents of allegedly 162 3.7. Classifications of English modal adverbs: a summary 107 4.4.3. Translation equivalents of supposedly 165 3.8. Studies of modal adverbs in Polish 109 4.4.4. Translation equivalents of reputedly 167 3.8.1. Grzegorczykowa (1975) 109 4.4.5. Translation equivalents of avowedly 168 3.8.2. Bralczyk (1978) 109 4.4.6. Translation equivalents of apparently 169 3.8.3. Rytel (1982) 110 4.5. Reportive adverbs in Polish 170 3.8.4. Tutak (2003) 111 4.5.1. Podobno, podobnież, ponoć 171 3.8.5. Wiemer (2006) 112 4.5.2. Rzekomo 175 3.8.6. Danielewiczowa (2008a, 2008b, 2012) 113 4.5.3. Jakoby 177 3.8.7. Grochowski (1984)-(2014); Grochowski et al. (2014) 114 4.5.4. Niby 179 3.9. Summary of Polish classifications 119 4.6. Reportive adverbs in English and Polish: summary 3.10. Modal adverbs – classification criteria employed in this study 120 and comparison 183 8 Table of content Table of content 9 5. INFERENTIAL ADVERBS 6.3. Polish equivalents of English confirmatory adverbs. Evidence from 5.1. Introduction 185 bilingual dictionaries 293 5.2. Inferential adverbs in English 188 6.4. Polish equivalents of English confirmatory adverbs. Evidence from 5.2.1. Clearly 188 the parallel corpus 294 5.2.2. Obviously 197 6.4.1. Translation equivalents of of course 295 5.2.3. Evidently 204 6.4.2. Translation equivalents of naturally 298 5.2.4. Plainly 209 6.4.3. Translation equivalents of indeed 300 5.2.5. Manifestly 213 6.5. Confirmatory adverbs in Polish 305 5.2.6. Patently 218 6.5.1. Expectation adverbs: oczywiście, naturalnie 306 5.2.7. Seemingly 220 6.5.2. Confirmatory adverbs: rzeczywiście, istotnie, faktycznie 309 5.2.8. Apparently 224 6.6. Confirmatory adverbs in English and Polish: summary and 5.3. Polish equivalents of English inferential adverbs. Evidence from comparison 314 bilingual dictionaries 229 5.4. Polish equivalents of English inferential adverbs. Evidence from the 7. ARGUMENTATIVE ADVERBS parallel corpus 230 7.1. Introduction 317 5.4.1. Translation equivalents of clearly 232 7.2. Argumentative adverbs in English 319 5.4.2. Translation equivalents of obviously 235 7.2.1. Admittedly 319 5.4.3. Translation equivalents of evidently 239 7.2.2. Arguably 321 5.4.4. Translation equivalents of plainly 241 7.2.3. Assuredly 323 5.4.5. Translation equivalents of manifestly 242 7.2.4. Undoubtedly 326 5.4.6. Translation equivalents of patently 245 7.2.5. Unquestionably 329 5.4.7. Translation equivalents of seemingly 247 7.2.6. Undeniably 331 5.4.8. Translation equivalents of apparently 250 7.2.7. Indisputably 333 5.5. Inferential adverbs in Polish 253 7.2.8. Indubitably 336 5.5.1. Wyraźnie, ewidentnie, jawnie 254 7.2.9. Incontrovertibly 339 5.5.2. Najwyraźniej, widocznie, najwidoczniej, najoczywiściej 261 7.2.10. Unarguably 340 5.6. Inferential adverbs in English and Polish: summary 7.2.11. Incontestably 342 and comparison 265 7.3. Polish equivalents of English argumentative adverbs. Evidence from bilingual dictionaries 343 6. CONFIRMATORY ADVERBS 7.4. Polish equivalents of English argumentative adverbs. Evidence from 6.1. Introduction 269 the parallel corpus 344 6.2. Confirmatory adverbs in English 270 7.4.1. Translation equivalents of admittedly 346 6.2.1. Of course 270 7.4.2. Translation equivalents of arguably 348 6.2.2. Naturally 281 7.4.3. Translation equivalents of assuredly 350 6.2.3. Indeed 285 7.4.4. Translation equivalents of undoubtedly 351 10 Table of content Table of content 11 7.4.5. Translation equivalents of unquestionably 352 8.4.6. Translation equivalents of doubtless 419 7.4.6. Translation equivalents of undeniably 354 8.4.7. Translation equivalents of definitely 421 7.4.7. Translation equivalents of indisputably 355 8.4.8. Translation equivalents of decidedly 424 7.4.8. Translation equivalents of indubitably 356 8.5. Epistemic emphasizers in Polish 426 7.4.9. Translation equivalents of incontrovertibly 357 8.5.1. Na pewno 426 7.4.10. Translation equivalents of unarguably 359 8.5.2. Z pewnością 429 7.4.11. Translation equivalents of incontestably 359 8.5.3. Zdecydowanie 430 7.5. Argumentative adverbs in Polish 360 8.5.4. Zapewne 432 7.5.1. Niewątpliwie and bez wątpienia 360 8.5.5. Pewnie 436 7.5.2. Speech-act adverbs: bezsprzecznie, bezapelacyjnie, 8.5.6. Pewno 438 bezspornie, bezdyskusyjnie, niezaprzeczalnie, niepodważalnie, 8.6. Epistemic emphasizers in English and Polish: summary and niezaprzeczenie, niekwestionowanie 362 comparison 439 7.6. Argumentative adverbs in English and Polish: summary and comparison 365 9. LOW CONFIDENCE ADVERBS 9.1. Introduction 441 8. EPISTEMIC EMPHASIZERS 9.2. Low confidence adverbs in English 443 8.1. Introduction 369 9.2.1. Perhaps 443 8.2. Epistemic emphasizers in English 371 9.2.2. Probably 449 8.2.1. Certainly 371 9.2.3. Maybe 453 8.2.2. For sure 379 9.2.4. Possibly 456 8.2.3. For certain 381 9.2.5. Presumably 462 8.2.4. Surely 382 9.2.6. Likely 465 8.2.5. No doubt 389 9.2.7. Conceivably 468 8.2.6. Doubtless 394 9.3. Polish equivalents of English low confidence adverbs. Evidence from 8.2.7. Definitely 397 bilingual dictionaries 475 8.2.8.