Bay du Nord Development Project Environmental Impact Statement TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.0 Existing Human Environment ..........................................................................................7-1 7.1 Commercial Fisheries ......................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.1 Fisheries Management Areas and Data Boundaries ......................................... 7-3 7.1.2 Information Sources ..........................................................................................7-3 7.1.3 Historical Domestic Fisheries ............................................................................7-4 7.1.4 Recent Domestic Fisheries ................................................................................7-6 7.1.4.1 Domestic Harvesting Locations ...................................................... 7-6 7.1.4.2 Domestic Harvest Composition and Values .................................... 7-8 7.1.4.3 Seasonality ................................................................................... 7-12 7.1.5 International Fisheries .....................................................................................7-18 7.1.6 Key Fisheries ...................................................................................................7-22 7.1.6.1 Groundfish .................................................................................... 7-22 7.1.6.2 Snow (Queen) Crab ...................................................................... 7-38 7.1.6.3 Shrimp ........................................................................................... 7-41 7.1.6.4 Swordfish, Tunas and Sharks ....................................................... 7-44 7.1.7 Fishing Gear ....................................................................................................7-47 7.1.8 Potential Future Commercial Fisheries ...........................................................7-48 7.1.9 Industry and DFO Research Surveys .............................................................. 7-51 7.1.9.1 DFO Multispecies Research Vessel Surveys ............................... 7-51 7.1.9.2 Industry - DFO Collaborative Post-Season Snow Crab Trap Survey ........................................................................................... 7-51 7.1.9.3 Other Collaborative Surveys ......................................................... 7-51 7.2 Other Ocean Uses ............................................................................................................ 7-54 7.2.1 Marine Research .............................................................................................7-54 7.2.2 Marine Shipping ...............................................................................................7-54 7.2.3 Marine Tourism ................................................................................................7-57 7.2.4 Marine Ferry Traffic .........................................................................................7-57 7.2.4.1 Intra-provincial Travel ................................................................... 7-57 7.2.4.2 Inter-provincial Travel ................................................................... 7-57 7.2.5 Small Craft Harbours .......................................................................................7-62 7.2.6 Other Offshore Oil and Gas Activity ................................................................7-62 7.2.7 Military Operations ...........................................................................................7-65 7.2.8 Other Marine Infrastructure .............................................................................7-65 7.3 Indigenous Peoples ........................................................................................................... 7-68 7.3.1 Key Information Sources .................................................................................7-71 7.3.2 Newfoundland and Labrador ...........................................................................7-71 7.3.3 The Mi’kmaq People of Eastern Canada ......................................................... 7-88 7.3.4 Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia ...................................................................................7-89 7.3.5 Mi’kmaq of Prince Edward Island ..................................................................7-107 7.3.6 Indigenous Peoples of New Brunswick ......................................................... 7-110 7.3.6.1 Mi’gmaq of New Brunswick ......................................................... 7-110 7.3.6.2 Wolastoqiyik of New Brunswick .................................................. 7-121 7.3.6.3 Peskotomuhkati Nation (Passamaquoddy) ................................. 7-130 7.3.7 Mi’kmaq and Innu of Québec .........................................................................7-132 7.3.7.1 Mi’gmaq First Nations of Québec ................................................ 7-132 7.3.7.2 Innu First Nations of Québec ...................................................... 7-140 7.3.8 Harvested Species ........................................................................................7-146 7.3.8.1 Commercial-Communal Fisheries ............................................... 7-146 i Bay du Nord Development Project Environmental Impact Statement 7.3.8.2 Current Use of Land and Resources for Traditional Purposes ... 7-149 7.4 Other Aspects of the Human Environment ...................................................................... 7-153 7.4.1 Rural and Urban Setting ................................................................................7-153 7.4.2 Economy ........................................................................................................7-154 7.4.3 Human Health ................................................................................................7-155 7.4.4 Physical and Cultural Heritage ......................................................................7-157 7.5 References ...................................................................................................................... 7-158 7.5.1 Personal Communications .............................................................................7-158 7.5.2 Literature Cited ..............................................................................................7-158 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 7-1 Fisheries Management Areas and NAFO Fisheries Footprint ................................. 7-2 Figure 7-2 All Species Domestic Quantity of Harvest by Year, LSA 1986 to 2010 ................... 7-5 Figure 7-3 Groundfish vs Other Species, Domestic Quantity of Harvest by Year, LSA 1986 to 2010 ...........................................................................................................7-5 Figure 7-4 Domestic Commercial Harvesting Locations and Intensity, All Species, All Gear Types, All Months 2011 to 2016 .....................................................................7-7 Figure 7-5 Relative Quantity of Domestic Harvest by Unit Area, LSA 2011 to 2016 ................ 7-8 Figure 7-6 All Species Domestic Quantity of Harvest by Year, LSA and RSA 2011 to 2016 ......................................................................................................................7-11 Figure 7-7 All Species Domestic Value of Harvest by Year, LSA and RSA 2011 to 2016 ...... 7-11 Figure 7-8 All Species Domestic Quantity of Harvest by Month, LSA and RSA 2011 to 2016 ......................................................................................................................7-12 Figure 7-9 All Species Domestic Harvesting Locations and Intensity, January to April 2011 to 2016 .........................................................................................................7-13 Figure 7-10 All Species Domestic Harvesting Locations and Intensity, May to August 2011 to 2016 .........................................................................................................7-14 Figure 7-11 All Species Domestic Harvesting Locations and Intensity, September to December 2011 to 2016 ........................................................................................7-15 Figure 7-12 Fixed Gear Domestic Harvesting Locations and Intensity, by Quarter, 2011 to 2016 ..................................................................................................................7-16 Figure 7-13 Mobile Gear Domestic Harvesting Locations and Intensity, by Quarter, 2011 to 2016 ..................................................................................................................7-17 Figure 7-14 NAFO 3LM and RSA Domestic and Foreign Harvest by Year, 2007 to 2016 ....... 7-20 Figure 7-15 NRA Foreign and Domestic Fishing Effort Locations and Intensity 2008 to 2012 ......................................................................................................................7-23 Figure 7-16 Groundfish Domestic Harvesting Locations and Intensity, All Gear Types, 2011 to 2016 .........................................................................................................7-25 Figure 7-17 Groundfish Fixed Gear Domestic Harvesting Locations and Intensity, 2011 to 2016 ......................................................................................................................7-26 Figure 7-18 Groundfish Mobile Gear Domestic Harvesting Locations and Intensity, 2011 to 2016 ..................................................................................................................7-27