DEPX­ ,,-~ GEOL! ..Vi ) .;, J C ONT E NTS Page Mineral resources in the Puget Sound area Present status and potential................. • . • • • . • . • . 1 Known and potential mineralized areas. ............................. 1,2 Minerals' economic contribution. • . • • . • . • . • • . • . • • • . • . • . 2 Introduction. 2 Purpose •.• 2 _Scope . .. 2 Basic assumptions .. 2,3 Physical features and their relationship to mining. 3 Puget Sound Province ..••... 5 Cascade Mountains Province .. 5 History of mining activity .. ................................... .. 5 Mineral production trends . .........• . ...........•..•.....•.•.•. 5-8 Mineral commodity reviews. .... ................................. 8 Nonmetals. .. .. ... 8 Cement. .. ........ 8- 17 Clay •••. 17-21 Lime •.•. .. ...... 21-24 Olivine •.• . .. ..... 24,25 Peat ..•.. ...... 25-27 ~ ·{1' Sand • 1 and gravel .•• 27-31 t Stone . ............ ... ... 31-35 6\ Silica .••.•.....• ..... 35-37 I 11«- Talc (soapstone). .... 37-39 ij' { l"'~ Metals •.•.•• .... 39 Copper. (_ .. 39,40 , Gold ••• ...... 40,41 Manganese. .. .. .... 41 Other metals. 42 Fuels •••.•• 42 Coal ... .... 42-45 ~etroleum and natural gas •• . .. 45,46 i T t-.ld-"\ Wd, 5 ~ 1 CONTENTS Page L\.~"'- \~lo3 Industrial operation reviews •.•.•••.••.••..••... • ........•.. .. 46 ~:) "2.-- --- Primary metals. 46 Aluminum. 46,47 Copper. 48,49 Steel.. 49,50 Pulp and paper ...•..••.••.•• 50,51 Sulfate-pulping process. 51 Sulfite-pulping process •. 51-53 Mineral requirements .. 54 Lime .. .......... 54 Limestone .•.. • . •. 54 Sal t cake (sodium sulfate) . 54,55 Sulfur...•...........•. 55 Salt (sodium chloride). 55,57 Employment .•.•...•.. 57 Primary metals . 57 Mining • . • .•.••. 57-63 Present status and potential of the River Bas ins .••.•.•...•....•••.•..• 65 Known and potential mineralized areas . • .•..•. •. .• ...•..•... .• •• ••. 65 Nooksack River drainage system.• 65 Limestone .•. 65,68 Olivine •. 68 Coal •...•. 68,69 Sand and gravel. .. 69 Clay ............ ' 70 Stone other than limestone. 70 Peat . •. 70,71 Silica .. 71 Diatomite. 71 Gold •.. 71, 72 Nickel. 72 •• Silver. 72 Zinc ... 72 Oil and gas. 72, 73 Copper ... 73 Chromium. 73 Iron .... 73 • ii CONTENTS Page Skagit River drainage system. 74 Limestone .. 74 Olivine. 74,78 Coal • . .. 78 Sand and gravel. 78 Clay . ... ....... 79 Stone other than limestone. 79 Asbestiform materials. 79 Diatomite .. .. 79 Mineral water. 80 Oil and gas . • 80 Peat•.. 80 Silica .• 80,81 Strontium.• 81 Pumicite. .. 81 Talc. .... 81,82 Gold. 82,83 Copper. ... 83,84 Chromium. .... .. 84 Iron • •• 84 Lead •••• . .... 84 Si lver. 84 Nickel.. ...... .. 84,85 Zinc .•. ...... 85 Manganese. 85 Molybdenum. .. ... 85 Still~guamish River drainage system.•. 85 Limestone .. ..•... 85 Sand and gravel. 88 Coal .• 88 Peat.. 88 Pumice. 88 Asbestos •.• 89 Diatomite •. 89 Copper. 89 Gold •••. 90 Silver• . 90 Iron ..• 90 Other properties in the Stillaguamish River drainage system . .. .. .. .. ...... ......... 90 Snohomish River drainage system. 90-93 Limestone • .•. • •• 94 Sand and gravel•. 94 Clay ...... .... 94 Stone other than limestone •• 95 Mineral water.•. 95 Coal • .......••• 95 e iii CONT ENTS Page Peat .•..•. 95 Diatomite. 96 - Asbestos. 96 Antimony. 96 Arsenic. 96 Copper. 96-98 Gold. 98,99 Iron. 99 Molybdenum, lead, and nickel. 100 Silver. 100 Zinc., 100 Cedar River drainage system.. 100 Sand and gravel •. 104 Stone .. 104 Silica. 104 Clay. 104 Coal. 105 Peat. 105 Diatomite .. 106 Copper and gold. 106 Green River drainage system. 106 Coal .... ....... 106 Sand and gravel. 106 Clay ..• 106,107 Silica .. 107 - Stone. .. 107 Peat.• 107 Mercury. 107 Oil and gas •• 108 Mineral springs, arsenic, and iron. 108 Whidbey Island drainage system. 108 Peat• . .....•..... 108 Sand and gravel •• 108 Diatomite ... 108 Elwha-Dungeness Rivers drainage system. 112 Stone . •.•.•..... 112 Sand and gravel•• 112 Mineral water.• 112 Manganese. 112 Peat•• ...•. 113 CONTENTS Page West Sound Basin drainage system. 113 Stone other than limestone. .. .. 113 Sand and gravel. 113 Peat•.. 113 Clay ••. 113 Iron ... 118 Copper. 118 Manganese .. 118 Limestone. 118 Diatomite. 118 Nisqually River drainage system •. 119 Clay. 119 Coal •.. 119 Peat. 119 Sand and gravel .. 119 Stone •.. •.• ·... 122 Mineral water •. 122 Copper ..•.... • 122 Iron .......... 122 Other mineral deposists .•. 122 Gold. 123 Zinc •. .. 123 Deschutes River drainage system.•• 123 Sand and gravel. 123 Stone.. • • . 123 Peat••.. 124 Mineral water. 124 White-Puyallup Rivers drainage system. 124 Sand and gravel •. 124 Coal .. 124 Stone. 125 Peat ..• 125 Silica. ... 125 Clay •.• 125 Alumite. 128 Perlite •. 128 Di atomite. 128 Copper •... 128 San Juan Islands drainage system. 128 Limestone •.. 128 Sandstone .. 129 Sand and gravel. 129 Clay. 129 Peat. 129 e V CONTL:N'l'S Page Present and future demand for minerals for the Puget Sormd area . ................. ........... ...................... 133 Water use by mineral industries ..••.•............ , . , .. ,,.,,,,.,,,· 133,134 Land needs for minerals development...•.. ... , , . , ... , . , . , , , , , , , , , , 134-136 Future needs for minerals in the Puget Sound area . ....•........•.. 136 Projections . ..........•. , ....• , , ... , , , , . , , , . , .. , , · , , , · , · , 136,138 Cement ...................•.........................• .•. 138,139 Clay . ................... ........... ....... ..... ..... 139 Lime ........ ...... ..... ........... ................... 141 Peat ................. ..... ........... .. .......... .. 141 Sand and gravel and stone ......• . .•........ ... .. .. , ... 141-145 Miscellaneous minerals ...•.....·· ..•..........•..•.... 146,147 Means to satisfy mineral needs •..•......... .. ....•.... •........ , . , . 14 7 List pf references ..•.. .......• .... • .• ,,. ,, .. ,., .• ,,,, .. ,,, ,• ·•,·,·,,· 148-150 e vi ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. Map of Puget Sound area showing major mineral resources .......... 4 rJ 2. Location map, Puget Sound area mineral processing and related industrial operations. • . • . • . 12 th 3. Employment trends in Washington for selected industries, 1950-64 .................• • ..•. .. .•............... 58 4. Map of mineral resources in the Nooksack Basin .. ................ 67 5. Map of mineral resources in the Skagit Basin ..................... 77 6. Map of mineral resources in the Stillaguamish Basin ..........•... 87 7. Map of mineral resources in the Snohomish Bas in .......•...•.. •... 93 8, Map of mineral resources in the Cedar-Green Basin •....•..•...... 103 9. Map of mineral resources in the Whidbey Basin ....•.•........•.... 111 10. Map of mineral resources in the Elwha-Dungeness Basin.......... 115 11. Map of mineral resources in the West Sound Basin .....•. ·....•. ... 117 12. Map of mineral resources in the Nisqually- Deschutes Basin ••... ... 121 13. Map of mineral resources in the Puyallup Basin•.... • .. • . ••..•. • 127 14. Map of mineral resources in the San Juan Basin .•..•.•••.•..... .. 131 15. Washington versus United States per capita cement consumption, 1940-64 . .............•..· ... .... ... , . ...... , , .. · 137 e 16. Clay production in the Puget Sound area, 1948-64 ... .•.....•.•.. , 140 17. Washington versus United States per capita sand and gravel and stone production, 1940-64 ... •... .•.• . .. .. ... •. .. 142 18. Sand and gravel produced by commercial firms in the Puget Sound area, 1951-64 . • .. ...•...•. ..... .•.. ......•.... · 144 .e vii TABLES 1. Value of mineral production by county, 1955, 1960, 1964 ............ .... .. ... .... .. ..•.•...• . , .... 6 2. Mineral production in Puget Sound area, 1900-64 .. •.•.. ....•. .. 7 3. Production of minerals in Puget Sound area by· decade. 9 4. Relative unit values of nonmetals and coal from Puget Sound area by decade, 1900-64 .......•..•............ 9 5. Production of cement in the Puget Sound area, 1950-64 . •. ...........•......•. .. ......•....•................ 10 6. Cement consumption. 14 7. Estimated consumption of cement in Puget Sound area ..... .. ... ... 14 8. Estimated raw materials used in manufacturing cement in the Puget Sound area, 1964 •... ... • . • .. .... 15 9. Clays produced in the Puget Sound area, 1948-64 • ...... ... .. ... 18 10. Lime production in the Pacific Northwest, 1964• . ........... .... 22 11. Apparent primary open-market lime consumption in Washington ...............••......•.............• . ...•. .. .. 23 e 12. Peat production in Washington, 1950- 64 ... .. • . ..• • .. ........... 26 13. Sand and gravel production in the Puget Sound area, 1950- 64 . ................. ........ ...... .. .. .. ....... 29 14. Sand and gravel production from commercial pl~nts in Washington and Puget Sound area, 1964 ... ... ............... 29 15. Sand and gravel usage in the Puget Sound area, 1964 ............ 29 16. Stone production in the Puget Sound area, 1.937-64 •... ..•..... 32 17. Stone production from the Puget Sound area by type of stone, 1964 ..... .........•.. ... .. ..... .. 32 18. Crushed stone production from commercial plants in th_e Puget Sound area, 1964 ..... ... .... .. ........•. ... .. 33 19. Stone usage in the Puget Sound area, 1964 . .... ... • . ..... .•• . .. 33 20. Foreign imports of limestone to harbors in the Puget Sound area, 1959-64 ..••...... .......•........ ...... 34 21 . Soapstone production in the Puget Sound area, 1950-64 ..... ........ ... ...... ....•.. .. .• ... .. .. .. ... 37 22. Total gold production in the Puget Sound area to 1967 ......•.... 40 23. Coal consumed in Washington .. ....•.....•...........•...........