Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2006 Nutrient-to-cost comparisons of daily dietary intake, food security status, and body mass index in female food stamp recipients residing in Southeast Louisiana Shanna Lundy Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Human Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Lundy, Shanna, "Nutrient-to-cost comparisons of daily dietary intake, food security status, and body mass index in female food stamp recipients residing in Southeast Louisiana" (2006). LSU Master's Theses. 1425. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1425 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NUTRIENT-TO-COST COMPARISONS OF DAILY DIETARY INTAKE, FOOD SECURITY STATUS, AND BODY MASS INDEX IN FEMALE FOOD STAMP RECIPIENTS RESIDING IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The School of Human Ecology by Shanna Lundy B.S., Louisiana State University, 2004 December 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee director, Dr. Carol E. O’Neil, for her guidance throughout this whole process. It was her dedication and persistence which allowed me to get through this whole experience, even at times that felt overwhelming. Thank you for always finding time to meet with me, even on the smallest of issues. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Michael J. Keenan and Dr. Pamela A. Monroe, for their support and guidance throughout this experience. Their opinions have been greatly appreciated. In addition, I would like to thank Mrs. Vicky Tiller for her assistance, flexibility, and patience. She was very encouraging and willing to help out at any time. I would also like to thank two students, Tyra Toston and Linda Giglio. Tyra helped with the collection of fast food prices and Linda helped with grocery store price collection. Thanks so much for your help! Lastly, I would like to thank my family and Daniel for their encouragement and support throughout my whole graduate school experience. I know that this would not have been possible without people like you who believed in me and continually reminded me that “I’d get there -- just hang in there a little longer.” Although I had my doubts at times, it looks like the day has finally arrived! I love you all. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………… ii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………. v LIST OF ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………………. vii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….. x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………...... 1 Objectives……………………………………………………………………….. 2 Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………….... 3 Assumptions……………………………………………………………………. 4 Limitations……………………………………………………………………… 4 Justification……………………………………………………………………... 5 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………. 6 Food Security/Insecurity………………………………………………………. 6 The Food Stamp Program……………………………………………………… 11 Obesity in the U.S……………………………………………………………… 14 Food Consumption Practices………………………………………………….. 18 What Defines Diet Quality……………………………………………………. 23 The Cost of Healthy Eating……………………………………………………. 29 3 SUBJECTS AND METHODS…………………………………………………... 34 Study Approval…………………………………………………………………. 34 Description of Prior Study……………………………………………………… 34 Current Study…………………………………………………………………… 35 4 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………….. 43 Food Group Intake…………………………………………………………….. 44 Diet Costs……………………………………………………………………… 52 Energy Intakes………………………………………………………………… 53 Nutrient Intakes……………………………………………………………….. 53 Nutrient-to-Cost………………………………………………………………. 59 5 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………. 66 Food Group Intake …………………………………………………….. ……… 66 Store Selection for the Collection of Prices……………………………………. 71 Diet Costs and Energy Intake………………………………………………….. 74 Nutrient Intakes………………………………………………………………… 78 Nutrient-to-Cost………………………………………………………………... 96 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………….. 100 Future Directions………………………………………………………………… 101 iii LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………………. 102 APPENDIX A HEIGHT AND WEIGHT RECORDING CHART …………………………… 111 B FOOD SECURITY QUESTIONS…………………………..………………… 112 C STORE LOCATIONS ………………………………………………………… 116 D DATA COLLECTION SHEET………………………………………………… 117 E AVERAGE PRICE PER UNIT SHEET………………………………………... 130 F RECIPE INFORMATION ……………………………………………………... 144 VITA…………………………………………………………………………………….. 162 iv LIST OF TABLES 1: Number and % of study participants consuming FF, along with the frequency of FF consumption for Day 1 and Day 2…………………………………………………… 43 2: Mean age of study participants by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption; data presented as mean ± SD………………………………………………... 44 3: Recommended and actual grain intake on Days 1 and 2; data presented as mean ± SD… 46 4: Recommended and actual vegetable and fruit intake on Days 1 and 2; data presented as mean ± SD…………...........................................................................................................47 5: Recommended and actual milk and meat/bean intake on Days 1 and 2; data presented as mean ± SD………………………………………………………………………………. 48 6: Number and % of study participants meeting the 2005 DGA recommendations for grain intake on Day 1 and Day 2 ………………………………………………………….. 50 7: Number and % of study participants meeting the 2005 DGA recommendations for vegetable intake on Day 1 and 2…………………………………………………………… 50 8: Number and % of study participants meeting the 2005 DGA recommendations for fruit, milk, and meat/bean intake on Day 1 and 2………………………………………….. 51 9: Daily diet costs by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption for Day 1 and Day 2; data presented as mean ± SD………………………………………………….. 52 10: Energy intake by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption for Day 1 and Day 2; data presented as mean ± SD ………………………………………………… 53 11: Mean intake of protein (PRO) (g), carbohydrates (CHO) (g), and fiber (g) by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption on Days 1 and 2; data presented as mean ± SD…………………………………………………………………………………. 55 12: Mean intake of total fat (g), saturated fat (SFA) (g), and cholesterol (mg) by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption on Days 1 and 2; data presented as mean ± SD……………………………………………........................................................ 55 13: Mean intake of vitamin A (mcg), vitamin C (mg), and folate (mcg) by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption on Days 1 and 2; data presented as mean ± SD………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56 14: Mean intake of potassium (mg), calcium (mg), iron (mg), and sodium (mg) by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption on Days 1 and 2; data presented as mean ± SD…………………………………………………………………………………. 57 v 15: Nutrient-to-cost comparisons for protein (g), carbohydrates (g), and dietary fiber (g) between Day 1 and Day 2 by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption; data presented as mean ± SD…………………………………………………………… 60 16: Nutrient-to-cost comparisons for total fat (g), saturated fat (g), and cholesterol (mg) between Day 1 and Day 2 by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption; data presented as mean ± SD……………………………………………………………. 62 17: Nutrient-to-cost comparisons for vitamin A (mcg), vitamin C (mg), and folate (mcg) between Day 1 and Day 2 by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption; data presented as mean ± SD……………………………………………………………… 62 18: Nutrient-to-cost comparisons for potassium (mg), calcium (mg), iron (mg), and sodium (mg) between Day 1 and Day 2 by food security status, weight status, and FF consumption; data presented as mean ± SD…………………………………………… 64 vi LIST OF ACRONYMS AHA= American Heart Association AI= adequate intake AIN = American Institute of Nutrition AP = as purchased ATP= Adult Treatment Panel BMI = body mass index CCHIP = Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project CFSM = Core Food Security Module CHD= coronary heart disease CNF = Calories-for-nutrient CSFII= Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals DFE= dietary folate equivalents DGA = Dietary Guidelines for Americans EFNEP = Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program EP = edible portion FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization FDA = Food and Drug Administration FF = fast food FFQ = food frequency questionnaire FGP = Food Guide Pyramid FIF = food-insufficient FIS= food insecure vii FNS = Food and Nutrition Service FS = food secure FSF= food-sufficient FSP = Food Stamp Program g = gram hdi = healthy diet indicator HEI = Healthy Eating Index kcals = kilocalories kg = kilogram kg/m2 = kilograms per meters squared lb = pound LDL= low-density lipoprotein LP = linear programming LSRO = Life Science Research Organization m = meter MAR = mean adequacy ratio ml = milliliter MUFA= monounsaturated fatty acids NAR = nutrient adequacy ratio NCHS = National Center for Health Statistics NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NNR = naturally nutrient rich PPU= price per unit viii PUFA= polyunsaturated fatty acids RDA = recommended dietary allowance SE= southeast SES = socioeconomic status SFA= saturated fatty acids SS=