Texas Volume 1, Issue 1 December 2017 Print: ISSN 2576-1021 National Online: ISSN 2576-1153 Security Review WORLD ORDER, POWER, & STRATEGY Volume 1 Issue 1 MASTHEAD Staff: Publisher: Managing Editor: Copy Editors: Ryan Evans Megan G. Oprea, PhD Autumn Brewington Sara Gebhardt, PhD Editor-in-Chief: Associate Editors: Katelyn Gough William Inboden, PhD Van Jackson, PhD Stephen Tankel, PhD Celeste Ward Gventer Editorial Board: Chair, Editorial Board: Editor-in-Chief: Francis J. Gavin, PhD William Inboden, PhD Robert J. Art, PhD Beatrice Heuser, PhD John Owen, PhD Richard Betts, PhD Michael C. Horowitz, PhD Thomas Rid, PhD John Bew, PhD Richard H. Immerman, PhD Joshua Rovner, PhD Nigel Biggar, PhD Robert Jervis, PhD Elizabeth N. Saunders, PhD Hal Brands, PhD Colin Kahl, PhD Kori Schake, PhD Joshua W. Busby, PhD Jonathan Kirshner, PhD Michael N. Schmitt, JD Robert Chesney, JD James Kraska, JD Jacob N. Shapiro, PhD Eliot Cohen, PhD Stephen D. Krasner, PhD Sandesh Sivakumaran, PhD Audrey Kurth Cronin, PhD Sarah Kreps, PhD Sarah Snyder, PhD Theo Farrell, PhD Melvyn P. Leffler, PhD Bartholomew Sparrow, PhD Peter D. Feaver, PhD Fredrik Logevall, PhD Monica Duffy Toft, PhD Rosemary Foot, PhD, FBA Margaret MacMillan, CC, PhD Marc Trachtenberg, PhD Taylor Fravel, PhD Thomas G. Mahnken, PhD René Värk, SJD Sir Lawrence Freedman, PhD Rose McDermott, PhD Steven Weber, PhD James Goldgeier, PhD Paul D. Miller, PhD Amy Zegart, PhD Michael J. Green, PhD Vipin Narang, PhD Kelly M. Greenhill, PhD Janne E. Nolan, PhD Policy and Strategy Advisory Board: Chair: Adm. William McRaven, Ret. Hon. Elliott Abrams, JD Hon. James Jeffrey Dan Runde Hon. Brad Carson Paul Lettow, JD, PhD David Shedd Hon. Derek Chollet Hon. Michael Lumpkin Hon. Kristen Silverberg, JD Amb. Ryan Crocker Hon. William J. Lynn, JD Michael Singh, MBA Hon. Eric Edelman, PhD Kelly Magsamen Adm. James G. Stavridis, Ret., PhD Hon. Kathleen Hicks, PhD Gen. David Petraeus, Ret. Hon. Christine E. Wormuth TABLE OF CONTENTS The Foundation 06 Note from the Publisher Ryan Evans 08 TNSR: Who We Are, What We Do, and Why You Should Care Francis J. Gavin The Scholar 14 World Order: Many-Headed Monster or Noble Pursuit? John Bew 36 Why Did America Cross the Pacific? Reconstructing the U.S. Decision to Take the Philippines, 1898-99 Philip Zelikow 68 ‘Blunt Not the Heart, Enrage It’: The Psychology of Revenge and Deterrence Rose McDermott, Anthony C. Lopez, Peter K. Hatemi 90 The Meaning of Strategy, Part I: The Origins Lawrence Freedman The Strategist 108 Now What? The American Citizen, World Order, and Building a New Foreign Policy Consensus Kathleen Hicks 120 Too Much History: American Policy and East Asia in the Shadow of the Past James B. Steinberg 126 Restoring the Vision: Overcoming Gridlock to Reassert Congress’s Role in Deliberating National Security Sen. John McCain The Roundtable Feature 132 The Triumph & Tragedy of Diplomatic History Hal Brands 6 The Foundation Note from the Publisher Speaking at a War on the Rocks party in the spring of 2015, my friend Richard Fontaine, the president of the Center for a New American Security said: Who would have thought nearly two years ago that the world needed another online publication on defense and foreign policy — much less one that was alcohol-themed? Well, it turns out that’s exactly what the world needed. It is true that the case for War on the Rocks was disciplinary and professional boundaries — to not self-evident. There were far more reasons not solve the pressing global problems of our day. The to do it than to do it and far more factors working Texas National Security Review is an ambitious against its success than for it. But when it comes step towards realizing that goal. to this new journal, the Texas National Security The refereed journal is one of the pillars of the Review, the case for it could not be stronger and scholarly profession (the others being the PhD the gaps it seeks to fill could not be easier to see. program and the tenure system). We all know The chair of our editorial board, Francis Gavin, the usual complaints about these journals: The has ably laid out what our journal seeks to review process takes too long and the publication accomplish, especially in its scholarly activities. process even longer. And what is going on with And the chair of our policy and strategy board and Reviewer #2 anyway? the chancellor of the University of Texas System, But there is something more troubling Adm. (ret.) William McRaven, has set the agenda about them — at least to me: They are the key for our overall effort. As the journal’s publisher, I components in a system that creates malign would like to explain why we need another journal incentives for rising scholars. For at least the first focused on national and international security, how six years of their academic careers — perhaps our project will be different from what you have the most intellectually fertile of their lives — seen before, and what we aim to accomplish. scholars are required to dedicate large amounts In an era of transition, change, and instability, it of their time to the production of written works is more vital than ever that our greatest scholars destined only to be read by small circles of their and our greatest leaders engage in deeper, “big academic peers due to the way in which journals think” conversations with one another — across are edited and marketed as well as the style of 7 writing they demand. In the fields relevant to our Security Review is filled with giants and rising purposes — which have a profound bearing on our stars of political science, history, and law. Our first security, power, and prosperity — every article that issue, which you hold in your hands today, includes follows this well-worn path is a lost opportunity original work by scholars doing the most exciting for public engagement, education, and influence. and useful research in their respective disciplines Should a junior scholar prioritize the latter type of and across disciplines. What’s more, we have engagement through written work, it is treated as attracted the support of an elite group of retired something apart from their job and may even come military leaders and former (and likely future) at the expense of career prospects. senior officials who are eager to help us bridge the Must it be either/or? Must the choice be so stark? scholar-policymaker/practitioner gap. I do not believe it must. Finally, one institution in particular merits I believe scholarly work can be accessible, useful, special mention here: the University of Texas and interesting for policymakers and practitioners System, which — under McRaven’s leadership — while serving a successful academic career. has made this all possible through a deliberate I believe scholars can do cutting edge work in and long-term investment. This simply would their own fields while speaking to scholars of other not be possible without the support of a major disciplines and addressing their concerns and educational institution and I am eternally grateful participating in their debates. to be working with the University of Texas System I believe journals can be published, printed, and its eight universities. marketed, and shared like other publications. So, please enjoy this first issue of the Texas I believe policymakers and national security National Security Review. And if you find value in practitioners can engage alongside the refereed what we are doing, please get involved and visit our work of scholars in the same publication and that website, tnsr.org. doing so creates something that is more than the sum of its parts. Ryan Evans is the publisher of the Texas National And I believe it can all be done without sacrificing Security Review. He is also the founder, CEO, and the rigor and credibility that is so important — editor-in-chief of War on the Rocks. rightfully — to advancing and communicating scholarly knowledge. Perhaps more importantly, other people — as well as institutions — also believe these things. You will find the editorial board of the Texas National TNSR: Who We Are, What We Do, and Why You Should Care Francis J. Gavin, PhD 9 The Texas National Security Review launches today. What do you need to know about this ambitious project aimed at changing the way we generate policy-relevant and policy-accessible knowledge about the world’s toughest challenges? Today, we launch a new journal and I am honored peace than we’d like. to serve as the chair of its editorial board. The goal Over time, the questions surrounding conflict and of the Texas National Security Review (TNSR) is to cooperation have become even more complicated become the intellectual home to a growing global, and consequential. Civil war, clashes driven by interdisciplinary network of scholars working scarcity and environmental change, irregular on questions of foreign policy, international conflict, information attacks, and terrorism have relations, and national and international security. joined great power competition as pressing With generous and deliberate support from the concerns. New technologies and new domains alter University of Texas, this journal seeks the best, how and where conflict takes place. The power of most innovative scholarship that transcends norms, culture, and institutions to shape outcomes disciplines and speaks to a wider world. Over is recognized if not fully understood. The shadow time, we hope TNSR will become the go-to of nuclear apocalypse hovers over international source for scholars, decision-makers, military and politics, surpassed only by the fear of some yet government practitioners, and concerned citizens unknown pathogen-wreaking havoc. from around the world thinking about questions of TNSR recognizes and appreciates that the scope of war and peace.