Manual for Linguistics I Linguistics I: Phonetics & Phonology 1º Year Instituto Superior de Lenguas Universidad Nacional de Asunción Phonetics & Phonology 1º Year Facultad de Lenguas Vivas Universidad Evangélica del Paraguay Applied Phonetics 1º Year Instituto Superior de Educación Ministerio de Educación y Cultura Susan Spezzini - Christian Cristoful Scappini 2013 [email protected] 2 “…and the whole earth was of one language and of one speech” Genesis 11:01 … …en aquel tiempo todos hablaban un mismo idioma …ɚ ...erat autem terra labii unius et sermonum eorundem ...naquele tempo toda a humanidade falava uma só língua ...Καὶ ἦν πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἕν, καὶ φωνὴ μία πᾶσιν …Toute la terre avait une seule langue et les mêmes mots …온 땅의 구음이 하나이요 언어가 하나이었더라 …ora tutta la terra parlava la stessa lingua e usava le stesse parole ...nan konmansman, tout moun sou latè te pale yon sèl lang, yonn te konprann lòt …واحدة ول غة واحدا ل سان ا ك لها اﻻر ض وك ان ت ... 那時，天下人的口音言語，都是一樣。 ...hele Menneskeheden havde eet Tungemål og samme Sprog ...und die ganze Erde hatte ein und dieselbe Sprache und ein und dieselben Wörter … Ekuqalekeni uThixo wadala amazulu nehlabathi. אחדים׃ ודברים אחת שפה כל־הארץ ויהי 3 LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS ................................................................................................................................. 1 LESSON 3. WHAT IS LANGUAGE? .................................................................................................................................................. 3 HUMAN/ANIMAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS.............................................................................................................................. 3 LESSON 4. HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS............................................................................................................................................. 5 THEORIES OF LANGUAGE ORIGIN ............................................................................................................................................. 6 LESSON 5. GRAMMAR ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 LESSON 6. NEUROLINGUISTICS ................................................................................................................................................... 11 LESSON 7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY – DESCRIPTIVE PHONETICS - ORAL TRACT ............................. 12 ARTICULATORS AND POINTS OF ARTICULATION ................................................................................................................................... 12 LESSON 8. THE VOWEL SYSTEM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .................................................................................................... 16 THE SOUNDS .................................................................................................................................................................. 17 THE SOUND .................................................................................................................................................................. 18 THE SOUND .................................................................................................................................................................. 18 THE (SCHWA)SOUND ................................................................................................................................................... 18 THESOUND (AND AMERICAN) ........................................................................................................................... 19 THESOUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 20 THESOUND (CARRET/WEDGE) ................................................................................................................................... 20 THESOUNDS............................................................................................................................................................... 20 THE SOUND ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 DIPHTHONGS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 22 LAS VOCALES DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA (FONEMAS) ............................................................................................................................ 26 LESSON 9. THE CONSONANT SYSTEM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE............................................................................................ 27 THE CONSONANT SYSTEM OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................................ 31 LESSON 10. STOP CONSONANTS ................................................................................................................................................ 32 SYSTEM OF THE BILABIAL STOP CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ................................................................................................ 32 SYSTEM OF THE ALVEOLAR STOP CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .............................................................................................. 34 SISTEMA DE LAS OCLUSIVAS DENTALES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ............................................................................................................. 36 SYSTEM OF THE VELAR STOP CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ................................................................................................... 37 SISTEMA DE LAS OCLUSIVAS VELARES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ............................................................................................................... 38 LESSON 11. FRICATIVE AND AFFRICATE SOUNDS ................................................................................................................................. 39 SYSTEM OF THE FRICATIVE CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ...................................................................................................... 39 SISTEMA DE LAS FRICATIVAS EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA .......................................................................................................................... 41 SYSTEM OF THE AFFRICATE CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE...................................................................................................... 42 SISTEMA DE LAS AFRICADAS PALATALES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ............................................................................................................ 42 LESSON 12. NASAL SOUNDS ....................................................................................................................................................... 43 SISTEMA DE LAS CONSONANTES NASALES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA.......................................................................................................... 44 LESSON 13. LIQUID SOUNDS ...................................................................................................................................................... 45 SYSTEM OF THE LIQUID CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .......................................................................................................... 45 SISTEMA DE LAS CONSONANTES LATERALES Y VIBRANTES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ...................................................................................... 46 4 LESSON 14. GLIDES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 47 SYSTEM OF THE GLIDES (SEMI-CONSONANTS) IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ................................................................................................. 47 LESSON 15. ALLOPHONIC VARIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 49 LESSON 16. PHONETIC PHENOMENA MOTIVATED BY SOUND COMBINATION ........................................................................... 50 LESSON 17. SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES (PROSODIC PROPERTIES) ......................................................................................... 53 HOW TO DETERMINE WHERE STRESS LIES. ......................................................................................................................................... 54 LESSON 18. PHONOLOGY: ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ................................................................................................. 58 PROBLEM # 1 HYPOTHETICAL LANGUAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 60 PROBLEM # 2. SPANISH ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 PROBLEM # 3. ENGLISH ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 PROBLEM # 4. UNKNOWN DIALECT................................................................................................................................................