Phonetics LIN 1Y SECTION 09 WINTER 2016 1 Phonetics Three areas of study ◦ Articulatory ◦ How speech sounds are produced in the vocal tract ◦ Looks at source of sound ◦ Acoustic ◦ The physical properties of speech sounds (sound waves, frequency spectra, duration, etc.) ◦ Looks at the signal ◦ Auditory ◦ how listeners perceive speech ◦ Looks at reception of sound 2 Describing consonants What is a consonant? ◦ Speech sound involving impedance of the airstream along the vocal tract ◦ English consonants are pulmonic (are moving out from the lungs) Three Part Categorization Voicing ◦ State of glottis (vocal folds vibrating or not) Place of articulation ◦ Where along the vocal tract the airstream is obstructed Manner ◦ How the are stream is impeded 3 Voicing Voiced ◦ vocal folds vibrating Voiceless (unvoiced) ◦ Vocal folds held apart and still [z] vs [s] Note: sometimes spelling that looks voicesless represents a voiced sound, e.g. the ‘s’ in rose 4 Place of articulation Where along the vocal tract the obstruction is located ◦ Lips ◦ Teeth ◦ Alveolar ridge ◦ Hard palate ◦ Soft palate ◦ Uvula ◦ Pharynx ◦ Glottis 5 Place of articulation Bilabial ◦ Lower lip in contact with upper lip Velar Labiodental ◦ tongue root to velum (soft palate) ◦ Lower lip to upper teeth Uvular Interdental ◦ Tongue root to uvula, or trilled uvula ◦ Tongue between teeth Pharyngeal Alveolar ◦ Constriction in pharynx ◦ Tongue to alveolar ridge Glottal Palatal ◦ Vocal folds open or closed ◦ Tongue to hard palate 6 English places of articulation Bilabial: [p], [b], [m] Labiodental: [f], [v] Interdental: [θ], [ð] Alveolar: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [ɹ], [l] Alveolopalatal: [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ] Palatal: [j] Velar: [k], [ɡ], [ŋ] Glottal: [h], [ʔ] 7 Quiz Places found in languages other than English Uvular (German, French ‘r’ sound) Pharyngeal (Arabic, Hebrew etc.) Dental (Spanish ‘t’ and ‘d’) 9 10 Manner of articulation HOW the air stream is impeded Affricate ◦ Short stop released into fricative Stop ◦ Fully occluded oral cavity Liquid ◦ Partial closure Fricative ◦ resonant ◦ Tight contriction, small space ◦ Turbulent, continuous air Glide ◦ Slightly occluded Trill (not in English) ◦ Vowel-like ◦ Fast air, fluttering articulator Tap/flap ◦ Rapid full closue 11 English manners of articulation stop: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [ɡ], [ʔ], [m], [n], [ŋ] tall, able, lack, sing Fricative: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h] vine, ricer, miss Tap/flap: [ɾ] butter Affricate: [ʧ], [ʤ] choose, future, judge Liquid: [l], [ɹ] loose, ruler Glide: [w], [j] win, yoyo 12 Non-English manners Trill: [r] (Spanish) [ʙ], [ʀ] Airstream mechanisms Ejectives: glottlic eggressive Implosives: glottalic ingressive ◦ Glug glug Clicks: lingual or velaric ingressive ◦ Tsk tsk 13 Click language 14 Using an IPA chart 15 Bonus Parameter: Nasal/oral Sounds can also be classified as nasal or oral Nasal sounds are produced with the velum lowered ◦ When the velum is lowered, air passes through the nasal passage ◦ Nasal sounds = [m], [n], [ŋ] Oral sounds are produced with the velum raised ◦ Air passes through the oral cavity ◦ Oral sounds = all sounds except nasals 16 Consonants Review What are consonants ◦ Speech sounds with a disturbed airstream How do we classify consonants ◦ Voicing ◦ Place ◦ Manner ◦ Nasal/oral 17 Practice: consonants Identify which of the following are velar consonants: ◦[n] [f] [g] [l] [k] [ŋ] [j] [ɹ] 18 Practice: consonants Identify which of the following are velar consonants: ◦[n] [f] [g] [l] [k] [ŋ] [j] [ɹ] 19 Practice: consonants Identify which of the following are voiced fricatives: ◦[ʃ] [ɹ] [n] [z] [v] [ʧ] [ð] [p] [θ] [ʒ] [f] 20 Practice: consonants Identify which of the following are voiced fricatives: ◦[ʃ] [ɹ] [n] [z] [v] [ʧ] [ð] [p] [θ] [ʒ] [f] 21 IPA practice Write the symbol that corresponds to the description: a. voiceless bilabial oral stop [p] b. voiced velar nasal stop [ŋ] c. voiced palatal glide [j] 22 IPA practice Write the phonetic description for the following symbols: a. [θ] voiceless interdental fricative b.[m] voiced bilabial nasal stop c. [d] voiced alveolar oral stop d.[k] voiceless velar oral stop 23.