Source: Rubenstein, James M. 2010. Contemporary Human Geography. New York: Prentice Hall. ETHNICITIES AND NATIONALITIES Z4Transforming Ethnicities into Nationalities • Nationalities identify with a particular country. • Ethnicities have been transformed into nationalities because of desire for seif-wie Ethnicity and race are distinct from nationality; another term commonly used to describe a group of people with shared traits. Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country; It comes from the Latin word nasci, which means “to have been born:’ Nationality and ethnicity are similar concepts loyalty of its citizens to survive. Politicians in that membership in both is defined through and governments try to instill loyalty through shared cultural values. In principle, the cultural nationalism, which is loyalty and devotion to a values shared with others of the same ethnicity nationality; derive from religion, language, and material Ethnic groups have been transformed into culture, whereas those shared with others of the nationalities because desire for self-rule is a same nationality derive from voting, obtaining very important shared attitude for many of a passport, and performing civic duties. A them. To preserve and enhance distinctive nationality; once established, must hold the cultural characteristics, ethnicities seek to 7.41 EUROPE 1848 1/ govern themselves without interference. The Western Europe consisted 7848 concept that ethnicities have the right to govern of nation-states, but themselves is known as self-determination. Central Europe was RWAY During a collection of small ‘a the past 200 years, political leaders principalities, and Eastern S’.WDEN have generally supported the right of self- Europe was divided among DEN RUSSIAN determination for many ethnicities and have several empires. IRELAND EMPIRE GREAT attempted to organize Earth’s surface into a BRITAIN N IA collection of nation-states. A nation-state is ATL NT/C ua a state whose territory corresponds to that OCE4N AUSTRIAN FRAN EMPIRE occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality OTTO BOS. 10 MPIRE MONT. ‘7.- SPAIN / O0. cE 1.924 7.4.2 EUROPE 1914 4914 RN By the outbreak of World LITH War I, Germany and Italy A U.S.S.R. had unified into nation / N900M tates. So. German-speaking territory DEN ••‘ RUSSIA ATL ‘NT! in 1914 UNITED SAM so. 0DM •.EAN - ROMANIA EEl. LL. ITALY AT NT/C Me. 0 j SPAIN ROMANW. ITALY AND. II.) OPd PORT’ SPAIN Z43 EUROPE 1924.. ‘,.. ‘C. After World War I, the Easté Europe empfres were broken up: into a colleclion /. of natioñstat and mullinational states. 154. , _ TION-STATES IN EUROPE £0, 7.4.5 EUROPE 1989 • 1989 After World War II, • yost European nationalities lived under the rule Germany was divided “an empire in the early nineteenth century. / into two states, neither -century later, at the outbreak of World EN of which matched the traditional area of German 1r 1, ethnicities had been transformed into DEN u.s.s.. speaking people. ‘;rionalities in much of Western Europe. The N E. POLAND German-speaking territory :tes of France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, in 1914 ATL TIC LUll. d the United Kingdom coincided fairly closely E4N ‘‘the territory inhabited by the speakers of• NUN nch, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, ITALY )GOSLAVIA AND. BIlL .d English, respectively. • fter World War I, nation-states were also SPAIN ved out of Eastern Europe, also in principle 2 arding to language boundaries. After losing Id War II, the boundaries of Germany bore - 7.4.6 EUROPE 2008 C.. 007: . • • relationship to the German-speaking RNLAN Multinational states in Eastern Europe were / A —4 itory of a century earlier; the western •••I, broken up into smaller m • £STONI4 RUSSIA ‘i:Irtion of the German-speaking region was EN nation-states. • Se, divided into two states, and the eastern portion DENMARK - UN1TED IS transferred to Poland. Jo’ 0CM PO1.AND the collapse of communism in GERMANY UKRAiNE 4TL,4WTIC/ WE. -. tern Europe in the late twentieth century, MOIDOVA OQEAN Na :(lzechoslovakia,the Soviet Union, and . IML • ugoslavia broke into numerous nation-states. 0. ENO BIlL ‘et SOS. R HERE. despite continuing attempts to create TURKEY MAC. tion-states in Europe, the territories of states SPAIN ALBANIA are1y corresponded precisely to the territories cupied by ethnicities—a recipe for continued conflict. .4 NAZI YOUTH RALLY, 1930’s Nazi Party daimed that all berman-speaking parts of Europe ituted one nationality and Id be unified into one stat I I a ‘1 :./., •? /1 1-55 ETHNICITIES AND NATIONALITIES 7.5 Nation-States and Multinational tates The Soviet Union was once the largest multinational • A multinational state has more than one ethnicity state, but after its breakup, Russia became the largest. recognized as distinct nationaF es. A multinational state contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self- determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. THE SOVIET UNION: ONCE THE LARGEST • Three European states: Belarus,Moldova, MULTiNATIONAL STATE Ukraine. Belarusians and Ukrainians becam -. The Soviet Union was an especially prominent distinctive ethnicities because they were example of a multinational state until its isolated from the main body of Eastern collapse in 1991. The Soviet Union’s 15 republics Slays—the Russians—between the thirteent were based on its 15 largest ethnicities. Less and eighteenth centuries. Moldovans are numerous ethnicities were not given the same ethnically indistinguishable from Romanian level of recognition. • Five Central Asian states: Kazakhstan, The 15 largest ethnicities of the former Soviet Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turknienistan, and Union are now independent countries that Uzbekistan. The c tans” are predominantly represent varying degrees of nation-states. The 15 Muslim and speak Altaic languages (except other than Russia are: for Tajiks who speak a language similar to • Three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Persian). Lithuania. These three small neighbors have • Three Caucasus states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, differences in language and religion and distinct and Georgia. Armenians are Eastern historical traditions. They had been independent Orthodox Christians who speak a separate until annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940. branch of Indo-European. Azeris (or Azerbaijanis) are Muslims who speak an Altaiç ‘ .2 LJSSIA 1• .:. nation-states have clashed Kaliningrad) language. The two LIThU NIA ESTONIA ,;.. over drawing boundaries between them. LATVIA .... .. ELARUS “ Georgians are Eastern Orthodox Christians. Y Two ethnicities within Georgia, the Ossetian • U INE and Abkhazianas, are ñghting for autonorn MO DOVA and possible ieunification with Rsia 1. ‘.‘-.‘,. l LIIH1j4N DEMONSTRATE FOR . • INDEPEN E ‘0 F ‘V I UNiON : .. - :.‘;‘‘ - I “ •‘--‘ ‘—. f ) . S \• 4 -. Are! J - S.— - GEOf IA Sea KAZAKHSTAN -S..-- . -: -. -. : ARMENIA . ‘.. ‘S : -. T, •‘ .---‘ .. AZERBAUAN —,-,—,—. S S. (I c. Mes R AN o S . T 1(15 o 3 kilcmm .. - /%- 7.51 COUNTRIES IN THE UNION OF SOVIET . SOCIALIST REPUBLICS .4 156 S.’ 0 EthnIc Groups .2 ETHNICITIES IN RUSSIA I. Slavic Peoples • Russians ‘I Ukrainians Belorussians I Ep Turkic Peoples • Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kirgiz tS “ gOP • nion t Turkmen, Azerbaidzhani I Mag a LIth Ia er Nents, Other Turkic peoples Belo 4.Out1’ Caucasian Peoples Russians ( A 5 I 44’ yokUt Georgians, Chechens, Ingush, oscow. ?!; ‘I,’ peoples of Dagestan A Russia s oil ... uriS •,,,, lie Paleo-Siberian Peoples •Sve. Chukchi, Koryaks, Nivkhi 4. •: ekj 01O, = Eskimos V 1Ll0 V.’ X0m5. “d Kets -I IC X r hita Uninhabited or sparsely settled -4 m Dagestan Other Indo-European Peoples V.) X .. adivostak ;.ruvjnans Lithuanians, Latvians, Armenians, A Moldavians, Tadzhiks, Ossetians Aze1’ - K X Germans Turkmen 1 A Jews Uzbes. Other Uralic and Altaic Peoples Taa. Estonians, Karelians, Man, Komi, 4. Mordvins, Udmurts, Mansi, Khanty, Nentsy, Buryats, Kalmyks, Evenki, Eveny, Nganasany RUSSIA: NOW THE LARGEST MULTINATIONAL created country of Russia. After ignoring the STATE declaration of independence for 3 years, Russian Karl Marx wrote that nationalism was a means leaders sent in the army to regain control of for the dominant social classes to maintain Chechnya. power over workers, and he believed that Russia fought hard to prevent Chechnya from workers would identify with other working-class gaining independence because it feared that people instead of with an ethnicity Ethnicity other ethnicities would follow suit. Chechnya was thought to have been left behind as an was also important to Russia because the insignificant relic, such as wearing quaint region contained deposits of petroleum. Russia costumes to amuse tourists. But with the viewed political stability in the area as essential breakup of communism and the collapse of the for promoting economic development and Soviet Union, ethnic identity once again ha investment by foreign petroleum companies.4.t become more important than nationality. national republics that CHECHNYAN WOMAN Russia identifies 21 PREPARED TO FIGHT FOR are supposed to be the homes of the largest INDEPENDENCE 1995 ethnicities, but the government recognizes in IN some way at least 170 ethnicities. Overall, 20 percent of the country’s population is non Russian. Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens, and Armenians are the five largest ethnicities, with at 1 million each. Particularly troublesome for the Russians are the Chechens,