5 Rut Mitigation Techniques at Intersections RUT MITIGATION TECHNIQUES AT INTERSECTIONS TECHNIQUES AT RUT MITIGATION This document is the fifth in a series of best practices for the design, maintenance and management of municipal roads and sidewalks. For titles of other best practices in this and other series, please refer to www.infraguide.ca. Roads and Sidewalks National Guide to Sustainable Municipal Infrastructure Rut Mitigation Techniques at Intersections — September 2003 1 Rut Mitigation Techniques at Intersections Issue No. 1.0 Publication Date: September 2003 © 2003 Federation of Canadian Municipalities and National Research Council The contents of this publication are presented in good faith and are intended as general guidance on matters of interest only. The publisher, the authors and the organizations to which the authors belong make no representations or warranties, either express or implied, as to the completeness or accuracy of the contents. All information is presented on the condition that the persons receiving it will make their own determinations as to the suitability of using the information for their own purposes and on the understanding that the information is not a substitute for specific technical or professional advice or services. In no event will the publisher, the authors or the organizations to which the authors belong, be responsible or liable for damages of any nature or kind whatsoever resulting from the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. 2 Rut Mitigation Techniques at Intersections — September 2003 Introduction INTRODUCTION InfraGuide – InfraGuide – Innovations and Best Practices Innovations and Best Practices Why Canada Needs InfraGuide A Knowledge Network of Excellence Canadian municipalities spend $12 to $15 billion InfraGuide´s creation is made possible through annually on infrastructure but it never seems to be $12.5 million from Infrastructure Canada, in-kind enough. Existing infrastructure is ageing while demand contributions from various facets of the industry, grows for more and better roads, and improved water technical resources, the collaborative effort of and sewer systems responding both to higher municipal practitioners, researchers and other standards of safety, health and environmental experts, and a host of volunteers throughout the protection as well as population growth. The solution country. By gathering and synthesizing the best is to change the way we plan, Canadian experience and design and manage knowledge, InfraGuide infrastructure. Only by doing helps municipalities get the so can municipalities meet maximum return on every new demands within a dollar they spend on fiscally responsible and infrastructure – while being environmentally sustainable framework, while mindful of the social and environmental implications preserving our quality of life. of their decisions. This is what the National Guide to Sustainable Volunteer technical committees and working Municipal Infrastructure (InfraGuide) seeks to groups — with the assistance of consultants and accomplish. other stakeholders — are responsible for the research and publication of the best practices. This is a system In 2001, the federal government, through its of shared knowledge, shared responsibility and shared Infrastructure Canada Program (IC) and the National benefits. We urge you to become a part of the Research Council (NRC), joined forces with the InfraGuide Network of Excellence. Whether you are Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) to create a municipal plant operator, a planner or a municipal the National Guide to Sustainable Municipal councillor, your input is critical to the quality of Infrastructure (InfraGuide). InfraGuide is both a new, our work. national network of people and a growing collection of published best practice documents for use by decision Please join us. makers and technical personnel in the public and Contact InfraGuide toll-free at 1-866-330-3350 or visit private sectors. Based on Canadian experience and our Web site for more information. We look forward to research, the reports set out the best practices to working with you. support sustainable municipal infrastructure decisions and actions in six key areas: 1) municipal roads and sidewalks 2) potable water 3) storm and wastewater 4) decision making and investment planning 5) environmental protocols and 6) transit. The best practices are available on-line and in hard copy. Rut Mitigation Techniques at Intersections — September 2003 3 The InfraGuide Best Practices Focus Municipal Roads and Sidewalks Sound decision making and preventive maintenance are essential to managing municipal pavement infrastructure cost effectively. Just as $1 of timely rehabilitation will save $5 of reconstruction, $1 of timely prevention will delay $5 of rehabilitation. Municipal roads and sidewalks best practices address two priorities: front-end planning and decision making to identify and manage pavement infrastructures as a component of the infrastructure system; and a preventive approach to slow the deterioration of existing roadways. The best practices set out will ensure for instance that the right treatment is selected for the right road at the right time and will provide guidance in implementing individual treatments successfully, e.g. crack- sealing, rut mitigation. Example topics include timely preventative maintenance of municipal roads; construction and rehabilitation of utility boxes; and progressive improvement of asphalt and concrete pavement repair practices. Decision Making and Investment Environmental Protocols Planning Environmental protocols focus on the interaction Elected officials and senior municipal of natural systems and their effects on human administrators need a framework for articulating quality of life in relation to municipal the value of infrastructure planning and infrastructure delivery. Environmental elements maintenance, while balancing social, and systems include land (including flora), water, environmental and economic factors. Decision- air (including noise and light) and soil. Example making and investment planning best practices practices include how to factor in environmental transform complex and technical material into considerations in establishing the desired level non-technical principles and guidelines for of municipal infrastructure service; and decision making, and facilitate the realization of definition of local environmental conditions, adequate funding over the life cycle of the challenges and opportunities with respect to infrastructure. Examples include protocols for municipal infrastructure. determining costs and benefits associated with desired levels of service; and strategic benchmarks, indicators or reference points for investment policy and planning decisions. Potable Water Transit Potable water best practices address various Urbanization places pressure on an eroding, approaches to enhance a municipality’s or water ageing infrastructure, and raises concerns about utility’s ability to manage drinking water declining air and water quality. Transit systems delivery in a way that ensures public health and contribute to reducing traffic gridlock and safety at best value and on a sustainable basis. improving road safety. Transit best practices Issues such as water accountability, water use address the need to improve supply, influence and loss, deterioration and inspection of demand and make operational improvements distribution systems, renewal planning and with the least environmental impact, while technologies for rehabilitation of potable water meeting social and business needs. systems and water quality in the distribution systems are examined. Storm and Wastewater Ageing buried infrastructure, diminishing financial resources, stricter legislation for effluents, increasing public awareness of environmental impacts due to wastewater and contaminated stormwater are challenges that municipalities have to deal with. Storm and wastewater best practices deal with buried linear infrastructure as well as end of pipe treatment and management issues. Examples include ways to control and reduce inflow and infiltration; how to secure relevant and consistent data sets; how to inspect and assess condition and performance of collections systems; treatment plant optimization; and management of biosolids. 4 Rut Mitigation Techniques at Intersections — September 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Acknowledgements . 7 4. Application of Rut Mitigation Techniques . 27 Executive Summary. 9 4.1 New and Existing Pavements . .27 1. General . 11 4.2 New Construction and 1.1 Introduction . .11 Reconstruction . .27 1.2 Purpose and Scope . .11 4.2.1 Flexible and Rigid 1.3 Glossary . .11 Pavement Design . .27 1.4 Acronyms . .13 4.2.2 Mitigation of Instability Rutting . .27 1.4.1 Agencies and Associations . .13 4.2.3 Perpetual Pavements . .28 1.4.2 Technical Terms . .14 4.3 Pavement Preservation, Overlays, 1.5 How to Use This Document . .15 and Rehabilitation . .33 2. Rationale . 17 4.3.1 Selection of Rehabilitation Method . .33 2.1 Background . .17 4.3.2 Mill and Overlay with 2.1.1 Concerns with Asphalt Asphalt Concrete . .33 Pavement Rutting . .17 4.3.3 Rut Filling Using Spray 2.1.2 Types of Asphalt Pavement Patching, Thin Overlays, or Rutting . .17 Micro-Surfacing . .34 2.2 Instability Rutting of Asphalt Concrete . .20 4.3.4 Grinding and Precision 2.2.1 Causes at Intersections . .20 Milling . .34 2.2.2 Rutting Types . .20 4.3.5 Whitetopping (Conventional and Concrete Inlay) . .34