Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: MILITARY AND NAVAL HISTORY Volume 24 THE CAVALIER ARMY Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 THE CAVALIER ARMY Its Organisation and Everyday Life PETER YOUNG AND WILFRID EMBERTON Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 First published in 1974 This edition first published in 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1974 George Allen & Unwin Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-138-90784-3 (Set) ISBN: 978-1-315-67905-1 (Set) (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-138-92861-9 (Volume 24) (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-68165-8 (Volume 24) (ebk) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 i. Sir George Wharton, Royalist and astrologer, defeated at S tow-on-the- W old in 1643 (City Art Gallery, York, the collection o f the late Lord Wharton) THE CAVALIER ARMY Its Organisation and Everyday Life by BRIGADIER PETER YOUNG DSO, MG, MA, FSA and WILFRID EMBERTON FRGS, A R Hist. S With twenty-four line illustrations by Stephen Beck Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 London GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD Ruskin House Museum Street First published in 1974 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights are reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieved system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. © George Allen & Unwin Ltd 1974 ISBN o 04 942124 7 Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 Printed in Great Britain in 11 point Baskerville by W & J Mackay Limited Chatham To the memory of JOHN M. EMBERTON DGM who in his generation braved worse hazards than the men whose adventures are described here Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 Foreword ‘God must have loved the Common Man - He made so many of them5 Abraham Lincoln In this book we have striven to show what it was like to serve in the army of King Charles I. It has not been altogether an easy task. For this there are two main reasons. The first is prejudice: the second is information - or rather lack of it. As to prejudice we will only say that the familiar and conventional idea of a Cavalier or of a Roundhead is a gross caricature. There were, of course, rakehells on the one side and ranting hypocrites on the other, but for the most part the men who were drawn into the struggle were in their day typical of their region, their class, or their family. In the so- called permissive society of today the great majority on either side would probably be regarded as extremely strait­ laced. As to information it may be worth remarking that for any war after the Napoleonic Wars one can usually find numbers of eyewitness accounts, letters, diaries and so on, to illustrate the smallest action. This is not so of the Civil War. One cannot, for example, find so much as a single letter describing the battle of Naseby from the point of view of a Royalist infantry officer. In building up our picture we have been compelled to range far and wide in the search to present a comprehensive picture of the seventeenth-century service­ man’s life, his pleasures, punishments and privations from the Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 time of joining to his pension. Whilst sometimes we have been compelled to tread rela­ tively familiar ground, we hope we have opened up new vistas in some directions. The combinations of our very different service backgrounds and attitudes has perhaps resulted in a real contribution not only to Civil War literature, but to the growing interest in social history as well. In a work of this nature one is greatly assisted by the help freely and 10 The Cavalier Army generously given by all kinds of people too numerous to name here, but we feel that the significant contribution made by two ladies cannot be overlooked. Our grateful thanks to Joan Young, who read and corrected the proof copy, and Janet Walker, who grappled with the handwriting of which­ ever one of us it was. P.Y. W.J.E. Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 Contents Foreword 9 Chronology 15 1 Raising the Army 19 2 Equipping the Men 31 3 On the March 43 4 Oxford - Court, Fortress and Headquarters 49 5 Discipline 62 6 Training and Ceremonial 72 7 Food and Drink 88 8 Some Notable Characters 95 9 Modus Operandi 107 I o The Day of Battle 118 II After the Fight 135 12 Besieged 145 13 Aftermath 163 Bibliography 170 Appendix Lawes and Ordinances of Wane (1642) 172 Index 187 Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 Illustrations PLATES 1. Sir George Wharton, Royalist and astrologer Frontispiece facing page 2. King Charles I 32 3. Sir Edward Walker 33 4. Fortifications at Newark, Notts.: Queen’s Sconce 64 5. The Eyre monument at Ramp ton Church, Notts. 65 6. Prince Rupert of the Rhine 80 7. A Royalist officer pictured in the Barnston Chapel, Cheshire 81 8. Two Royalist officers: (a) Colonel John Russell, 96 (b) Sir John Byron 9. James Graham, Marquis of Montrose 97 10. Detail of the battle plan of Naseby 112 11. (a) ‘They stood up and down the field in several bodies of Horse’ 113 (b) A modern re-enactment of preparing a seventeenth-century cannon 12. Pass issued by Charles I 128 13. Sir Henry Gage 129 14. The fifth Marquis of Winchester 144 15. James Stanley, Earl of Derby 145 Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 A Chronology o f the Civil War 16 42-1646 1642 3 January King Charles enters Parliament to arrest the Five Members 23 April Hull closes her gates against the King 21 August Dover Castle taken by Parliament forces 22 August The King raises his standard at Nottingham 7 September Waller takes Portsmouth from Goring 23 September Skirmish at Powick Bridge. Rupert routs Parliamentary horse 23 October First major confrontation, at Edgehill. Royalist victory 29 October Oxford becomes Royalist headquarters 12 November Rupert storms and takes Brentford 13 November King’s army confronted by conjoined forces of Essex and the London Trained Bands. King retreats to Reading 12 December Waller captures Winchester 1643 19 January Braddock Down. Hop ton secures Cornwall for the King 2 February Rupert storms Cirencester 23 February The Queen lands at Bridlington 19 March Northampton defeats Gell and Brereton at Hopton Heath, but is slain 13 April Maurice defeats Waller at Ripple 21 April Rupert takes Lichfield 25 April Reading falls to Essex 25 April Chudleigh defeats Hopton at Sourton Down Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:29 01 October 2016 16 May Hopton defeats Stamford at Stratton 21 May Fairfax surprises Goring at storming of Wakefield 18 June Chalgrove Field. Hampden mortally wounded 29 June Newcastle routs the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor 5 July Hopton defeats Waller at Lansdown j 3Ju1y Wilmot and Maurice rout Waller at Roundway Down 26 July Nathaniel Fiennes surrenders Bristol to Rupert i6 The Cavalier Army io August to The King besieges Gloucester which is relieved 5 September by Essex 20 September The King’s attempt to block Essex’s route to London foiled in marginal Parliament victory at First Newbury 25 September Parliament enlists Scottish aid by signing the Solemn League and Covenant 11 October Widdrington and Henderson defeated by Man­ chester, Sir Thomas Fairfax and Cromwell at Winceby 9 December Arundel Castle taken by Hopton 1644 6 January Arundel Castle retaken by Waller 19 January Scots enter England as allies of Parliament 25 January Sir Thomas Fairfax relieves the siege of Nant- wich by defeating Byron 21 March Relief of Newark.