Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction, version 1.1 (20 September 2014) William H. Baxter (⽩⼀平) and Laurent Sagart (沙加爾) order: by Grammatica serica recensa number The following table presents data for almost 5,000 items with Old Chinese reconstructions in the Baxter-Sagart system. Our reconstruction system and supporting arguments and evidence are presented in our book Old Chinese: a new reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014). The columns in the table are as follows: GSR the number (with leading zeroes) and letter of the item in Bernhard Karlgren’s Grammata serica recensa (GSR, 1957). Characters not included in GSR are assigned a number corresponding to their phonetic element, followed by a hyphen (e.g., 賭 dǔ ‘to wager’, 0045-, whose phonetic element is GSR 0045a); characters that cannot be assigned to any of the phonetics in GSR are assigned a code “0000-” (e.g., � biān ‘whip’, 0000-) and placed at the beginning of the list. A character may be absent from GSR for several reasons: (1) Karlgren generally excluded characters that did not occur in pre-Qín texts (as far as he knew), although he included some characters from Shuōwén jiězì 《說⽂解字》. (2) He also excluded characters that did occur in pre-Qín documents but had no descendants in the later standard script. (3) He also seems to have excluded characters used only as place names. zi character (traditional form) py standard pronunciation in pīnyīn romanization MC ASCII-friendly Middle Chinese (MC) transcription. This is a minor modification of the notation used in Baxter (1992); for details see Baxter & Sagart (2014:9–20). For clarity, after each transcribed syllable we give the MC initial, final, and tone separately (with A, B, C, D for the traditional categories 平 píng, 上 shǎng, 去 qù, and 入 rù respectively): e.g. 處 chǔ, MC tsyhoX (tsyh- + -jo + B) ‘place’. Note that this notation is not intended as a reconstruction; rather it is intended as a convenient representation of the information on pronunciation given in Middle Chinese sources such as the Guǎngyùn 《廣韻》 and the Jīngdiǎn shìwén 《經典釋⽂》. OC Old Chinese reconstruction in the Baxter-Sagart system, sometimes with additional comments. If an element is in parentheses, this indicates that we cannot tell from present evidence whether it was there or not; it does not mean there is any positive evidence for its presence: thus the reconstruction *ŋ(r)aj for 宜 yí means that the Old Chinese form could have been either *ŋaj or *ŋraj; it does not mean we have any particular evidence to reconstruct the *-r-. If an element is in square brackets, it means we are uncertain about its identity: thus the reconstruction *pˤra[t]-s for 敗 bài ‘to defeat’ means that the syllable coda was either *-t or something else (in this case, *-p) which would have had the same Middle Chinese reflex as *-t. (For details see Baxter & Sagart 2014:7–8.) A hyphen “-” indicates a morpheme boundary. (We provisionally treat all cases of final *s as morphological suffixes.) Angle brackets around a prevocalic *r indicate that we consider it an infix, usually on the basis of related words without *r: for example, 塊 *[kʰ]ˤ<r>uj-s > khweajH > kuài ‘clod, lump’, also read 塊 *[kʰ]ˤuj-s > khwojH > kuài (same meaning); see Baxter & Sagart (2014:57–58). But the absence of angle brackets does not exclude the possibility that *r might be an infix. Similarly, a period “.” indicates a syllable boundary, but does not exclude the possibility that the syllable boundary might also have been a morpheme boundary. In an earlier release we also included a ‘user-friendly’ notation for our reconstructions in which parenthesized elements and square brackets were omitted, for a more compact and perhaps less confusing appearance. We have decided to discontinue this notation in favor of the present format, which more clearly indicates areas of uncertainty. Some users may wish to produce their own simplified version of the notation for some purposes, but for serious comparative and philological work the full notation should be used (see Baxter & Sagart 2014:379n7). gloss a simple gloss intended for identification only; for accurate information about meanings and grammatical categories, one of the large standard dictionaries should be consulted. HYDZD the position of the character in Hànyǔ dà zìdiǎn 《漢語⼤字典》 (1986). This information comes from the Unihan database (http://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html) and has not been independently checked.. rad the number of the radical of the character (based on the 214 radicals of the Kāngxī zìdiǎn 《康熙字典》; also from the Unihan database) str the number of additional strokes in the character, apart from the radical (from the Unihan database) Unicode the hexadecimal code of the character in the UTF-16 encoding Additional notes: 1. All data are in UTF-16 encoding (little-endian). The Times New Roman font is used except for the zi column, which uses SimSun (Founder Extended). Newer versions of Times New Roman include all the necessary phonetic symbols, but free Unicode-based phonetics fonts with all the necessary symbols can also be obtained from www.sil.org (e.g. Doulos IPA). For Chinese characters, the Hanazono fonts should also be adequate (http://fonts.jp/hanazono). 2. Not all characters or words included are actually attested in pre-Qín texts. We have explicitly indicated this in many cases, but probably not all. (Often they may be identified by their lack of a regular GSR number.) We have included them for historical interest, often because they occur as early Chinese loans into other languages, or are informative about the history of the Mǐn 閩 dialects. In such cases our reconstructions represent what we believe the Old Chinese pronunciation would have been if they existed in the Old Chinese period. 3. Mandarin pronunciations are based on modern dictionaries and often differ from what we would predict on the basis of Middle Chinese; the modern pronunciations are in many cases artificial, based on anachronistic interpretations of fǎnqiè 反切 spellings, reading characters according to their phonetic element, or other irregular processes. We have not marked such irregularities explicitly. BaxterSagartOCbyGSR2014-09-20 GSR zi py MC OC gloss HYDZD rad str Unicode 0000- � biān pjien (p- + -jien A) *pe[n] whip (n.) 10128.06 11 5 U+204E5 0000- 豳 bīn pin (p- + -in A) *prə[n] (place name) 63618.18 152 10 U+8C73 0000- 罽 jì kjejH (k- + -jej C) *[k](r)[a][t]-s a kind of woolen fabric 42926.08 122 12 U+7F7D 0000- 件 jiàn gjenX (g- + -jen B) *[g]r[a][n]ʔ (no pre-Qín exx?) item 10122.03 9 4 U+4EF6 0000- 玨 jué kaewk (k- + -aewk D) *[k]ˤrok two pieces of jade 21103.01 96 4 U+73A8 0000- 巜 kuài kwajH (k- + -waj C) *[k]ˤop-s watering channel, drain 10049.07 47 0 U+5DDC 0000- 宀 mián mjien (m- + -jien A) *me[ŋ] (no pre-Qín exx.) house, building 20909.13 40 0 U+5B80 0000- 夒 náo naw (n- + -aw A) *nˤu a kind of monkey 20871.23 35 16 U+5912 0000- 尿 niào newH (n- + -ew C) *kə.nˤewk-s urine 20966.15 44 4 U+5C3F 0000- 傘 sǎn sanX (s- + -an B) *[s]ˤarʔ umbrella, parasol 10198.13 9 10 U+5098 0000- � shǐ syijX (sy- + -ij B) *[qʰ]ijʔ excrement 53249.12 140 9 U+26CCA 0000- � suì zwijH (z- + -wij C) *s.[ɢ]ʷi[t]-s ear of grain 42594.09 115 4 U+25769 0000- 囟 xìn sinH (s- + -in C) *[s]ə[r]-s fontanel 10713.03 31 3 U+56DF 0000- � yuàn ngjwonH (ng- + -jwon C) *[ŋ]o[n]-s (< nasal + uvular?) to wish 74396.11 181 15 U+2957E 0001- 踦 jì gjeX (g- + -je B) *[g](r)ajʔ stand (Min dialects) 63713.04 157 8 U+8E26 0001- 椅 yǐ 'jeX ('- + -je B) *Cə.q(r)ajʔ chair 21228.09 75 8 U+6905 0001a 可 kě khaX (kh- + -a B) *[k]ʰˤa[j]ʔ may; acceptable 10567.07 30 2 U+53EF 0001d 柯 kē ka (k- + -a A) *[k]ˤar axe-handle 21178.06 75 5 U+67EF 0001e 笴 gǎn kanX (k- + -an B) *kˤarʔ shaft of an arrow 52953.13 118 5 U+7B34 0001f 何 hé ha (h- + -a A) *[g]ˤaj what 10130.04 9 5 U+4F55 0001g 河 hé ha (h- + -a A) *[C.g]ˤaj river 31582.03 85 5 U+6CB3 0001j 呵 hē xa (x- + -a A) *qʰˤaj scold 10598.1 30 5 U+5475 0001k 訶 hē xa (x- + -a A) *qʰˤaj shout, scold 63952.11 149 5 U+8A36 0001m 阿 ē 'a ('- + -a A) *qˤa[j] slope, river bank 64119.11 170 5 U+963F 0001m 阿 ē 'a ('- + -a A) *ʔˤa (< *qˤaj) 阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara 64119.11 170 5 U+963F “shining” (E. Hàn) 0001o 荷 hé ha (h- + -a A) *[g]ˤaj lotus 53220.04 140 7 U+8377 0001o 荷 hè haX (h- + -a B) *[g]ˤajʔ carry 53220.04 140 7 U+8377 0001q 歌 gē ka (k- + -a A) *[k]ˤaj sing, song 32147.12 76 10 U+6B4C 0001s 奇 jī kje (k- + -je A) *[k](r)aj odd (number) 10533.04 37 5 U+5947 0001s 奇 qí gje (g- + -je A) *N-k(r)aj strange 10533.04 37 5 U+5947 Page 1 of 160 BaxterSagartOCbyGSR2014-09-20 0001u 騎 qí gje (g- + -je A) *C.g(r)aj (~ *[Cə.g](r)aj) straddle; ride 74560.08 187 8 U+9A0E 0001u 騎 qí gjeH (g- + -je C) *[g](r)aj-s rider 74560.08 187 8 U+9A0E 0001v 錡 qí gje (g- + -je A) *C.ɢ(r)aj cooking pot 64217.02 167 8 U+9321 0001v 錡 yǐ ngjeX (ng- + -je B) *m.ɢ(r)ajʔ cooking pot 64217.02 167 8 U+9321 0001x 寄 jì kjeH (k- + -je C) *C.[k](r)aj-s entrust to 20937.01 40 8 U+5BC4 0001b' 綺 qǐ khjeX (kh- + -je B) *[k]ʰ(r)a[j]ʔ patterned silk 53411.03 120 8 U+7DBA 0001f' 倚 yǐ 'jeX ('- + -je B) *Cə.q(r)ajʔ lean on 10173.01 9 8 U+501A 0002a 我 wǒ ngaX (ng- + -a B) *ŋˤajʔ we, I 21401.02 62 3 U+6211 0002o 餓 è ngaH (ng- + -a C) *ŋˤaj-s hungry 74456.02 184 7 U+9913 0002p 鵝 é nga (ng- + -a A) *ŋˤa[r] goose 74635.1 196 7 U+9D5D 0002q 蛾 é nga (ng- + -a A) *ŋˤaj silkworm moth [Bombyx] 42856.06 142 7 U+86FE 0002q 蛾 yǐ ngjeX (ng- + -je B) *m-qʰ(r)ajʔ ant 42856.06 142 7 U+86FE 0002r 義 yì ngjeH (ng- + -je C) *ŋ(r)aj-s duty; justice 53133.02 123 7 U+7FA9 0002u 儀 yí ngje (ng- + -je A) *ŋ(r)aj right, proper; ceremony