36602. PHONOLOGY Prof. Yehuda N. Falk Phonetic Symbols, p. 1 The chart on this page is vowels; the one on p. 2 is consonants. For some sounds, more than one symbol is in use. In such a case, the symbol we will be using in class (which is generally the symbol commonly used by phonologists, and derives from the American transcriptional tradition) is listed above, and the other symbol (generally the official symbol of the International Phonetic Alphabet) is listed below. VOWELS In each box, the vowel symbol on the left is for an unrounded vowel and the symbol on the right is for a rounded vowel. Note that, since vowel articulations are points along a continuum, vowel transcriptions represent ranges of sounds. For this reason, the same symbol sometimes appears in more than one cell of the table. Front Central Back tense i ü ˙ ˙ u y High lax ¨ ˙ ˙ tense e ö o ø Mid lax ö o ø o or tense æ ¨ a or a or œ a Low lax æ ¨ or a or a or a Additional symbols: nasalized: ˜ (e.g. a˜) nonsyllabic (e.g. i ) long: (e.g. a ) main stress ´ (e.g. á) extra-short ˘ (e.g. a˘) secondary stress ` (e.g. à) Tones: extra high x˝/ high x´/middle x¯/low x`/extra low x/rising xˇ/falling xˆ CONSONANTS The symbol on the left is voiceless; the symbol on the right is voiced. Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Palato-al- Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Laryngeal p.2 Symbols, Phonetic PHONOLOGY 36602. dental veolar Stop p b t d t d t d c k q . (Plosive) Affricate ¢ | c č ˇ Fricative f v ð s z š zˇ s z ç x h Nasal m n n ň n ñ n Lateral l l l Unrounded y Semi-vowel j Rounded w¨ w Semi-vowel Implosive Notes: Î Other laterals: velarized (“dark”) l: ; lateral fricative: voiceless voiced Ï Other symbols: voiceless (e.g. n); syllabic (e.g. n); aspirated (e.g. p ); ejective/glottalized (e.g. p ); unreleased (e.g. p ) Ð Emphatic (e.g. t) or in the Semitic transcriptional tradition a dot under (t). Ñ In the Semitic transcriptional tradition, the voiceless pharyngeal fricative is symbolized h Ò For r-sounds, we will just use the symbol r, regardless of the actual articulation. More narrow transcriptions: Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Palato-al- Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Laryngeal dental veolar Trill rˇ Prof. Yehuda N. Falk N. Prof. Yehuda r Flap D r Approxi- r r mant .