Styrelsen för PSYKOLOGISKT FÖRSVAR BILDMANIPULERING Rune Pettersson RAPPORT 181 BILDMANIPULERING Rune Pettersson Styrelsen för PSYKOLOGISKT FÖRSVAR 2 Utgiven av Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar ISSN 1401 2383 Stockholm 2001 Där inte annat anges har författaren svarat för teckningar och foton. Omslagsbild: Teckning, Brita Ellström, 1912. 3 INNEHÅLL SPFs förord ................................................................................................................................................5 Författarens förord ..............................................................................................................................6 Inledning ......................................................................................................................................................7 Fotografiet ..............................................................................................................................................10 Bilder och datorer..............................................................................................................................14 Bildmorfologi ............................................................................................................................................................................14 Bildpunkter........................................................................................................................................................................16 Synsinnet..............................................................................................................................................................................18 Analog och digital kodning................................................................................................................................21 Typer av datorbilder ..........................................................................................................................................................23 Datorgenererade bilder ......................................................................................................................................23 Datorbearbetade bilder ......................................................................................................................................25 Datoranalyserade bilder ......................................................................................................................................26 Datordistribuerade bilder..................................................................................................................................26 Urval ............................................................................................................................................................28 Nyhetsmedier ..........................................................................................................................................................................29 Dagstidningar ..................................................................................................................................................................33 Nyheter i tv......................................................................................................................................................................36 Böcker..............................................................................................................................................................................................37 Flera beslut........................................................................................................................................................................38 Kriterier för bildval ..................................................................................................................................................39 Reklam ............................................................................................................................................................................................41 Informationsmaterial ........................................................................................................................................................43 Internet ..........................................................................................................................................................................................44 Bildredigering ........................................................................................................................................46 Bildrättigheter ..........................................................................................................................................................................46 Etiska regler................................................................................................................................................................................48 Leveransvillkor ........................................................................................................................................................................50 Fotografier ........................................................................................................................................................................50 Teckningar ..........................................................................................................................................................................51 Bildtexter ......................................................................................................................................................................................52 Positiva bildtexter ......................................................................................................................................................53 Negativa bildtexter ..................................................................................................................................................54 Beskärning....................................................................................................................................................................................54 Bildstorlek ....................................................................................................................................................................................54 Presentation ....................................................................................................................................................................54 Produktion ........................................................................................................................................................................58 Ändring av innehållet ..............................................................................................................................................58 3 Fiffel ..............................................................................................................................................................63 Enkla grepp..................................................................................................................................................................................64 Vilseledande beskärning ......................................................................................................................................65 Vilseledande urval ......................................................................................................................................................65 Vilseledande rubriker ............................................................................................................................................68 Vilseledande bildtexter ........................................................................................................................................69 Vilseledande retuschering ..................................................................................................................................70 Att dölja identitet ......................................................................................................................................................71 Vilseledande marknadsföring ..........................................................................................................................72 Fotomontage ............................................................................................................................................................................74 Manuella montage ......................................................................................................................................................74 Digitala montage..........................................................................................................................................................74 Uppfattningar ........................................................................................................................................80 Definitioner ......................................................................................................................................................................80 Medier....................................................................................................................................................................................80 Förekomst