Managing Lakes and their Basins for Sustainable Use A Report for Lake Basin Managers and Stakeholders Copyright © 2005 by the International Lake Environment Committee Foundation ISBN 4-9901546-2-2 3rd Printing. Printed and bound by Otsu Shigyo in Otsu, Japan. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profi t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without the prior permission in writing from the International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. DISCLAIMER The fi ndings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this report are the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of The World Bank and its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent, nor do they necessarily represent the view of the organizations, agencies or governments to which any of the authors are associated. Also, the colors, boundaries, denominations, and classifi cations in this report do not imply, on the part of The World Bank and its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent, and the organizations, agencies or governments to which any of the authors are associated, any judgment on the legal or other status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of any boundary. CITATION Please cite this report as: ILEC. 2005. Managing Lakes and their Basins for Sustainable Use: A Report for Lake Basin Managers and Stakeholders. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation: Kusatsu, Japan. ABOUT THE COVER The front and back covers display the 28 lake basins that are the foundation for this report. Each lake basin is numbered, and the corresponding names may be found in Figure 1.1 on page 5. On the cover, each lake basin spreads over an equal area; however, in actual size, the difference in area between the largest and smallest basin is over 6,000 times. The lake basins are grouped by color depending on the continent on which they are located. Designed by Maki Tanigawa and Thomas Ballatore. PROJECT AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS Global Environment Facility 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Tel: +1-202-522-3240 Fax: +1-202-473-0508 http://www.gefweb.org International Lake Environment Committee Foundation 1091 Oroshimo-cho Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0001, Japan Tel: +81-77-568-4567 Fax: +81-77-568-4568 http://www.ilec.or.jp LakeNet P.O. Box 3250 Annapolis, MD 21403, USA Tel: +1-410-268-5155 Fax: +1-410-268-8788 http://www.worldlakes.org Ramsar Convention on Weltands Rue Mauverney 28 CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel: +41-22-999-0170 Fax: +41-22-999-0169 http://www.ramsar.org Shiga Prefectural Government 4-1-1 Kyomachi Otsu, Shiga 520-8577, Japan Tel: +81-77-524-1121 Fax: +81-77-528-4803 http://www.pref.shiga.jp/index-e.html United Nations Development Programme One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1-212-906-5000 Fax: +1-212-906-5364 http://www.undp.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-20-621234 Fax: +254-20-226886 http://www.unep.org U.S. Agency for International Development 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20523, USA Tel: +1-202-712-0000 Fax: +1-202-216-3524 http://www.usaid.gov The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Tel: +1-202-477-1234 Fax: +1-202-477-6391 http://www.worldbank.org Contents Contents. i Foreword . v Acknowledgments. vii Acronyms . ix Summary . xi Section I. Understanding the Resource . 1 Chapter 1. Learning from Others: Drawing Lessons about Lake Basin Management. 3 Motivation: Why Lakes? Why Now?. 3 Objectives: Drawing and Disseminating Lessons . 4 Intended Audience . 4 Project Method and Approach. 4 The Lake Basins and their Characteristics . 4 Lake Briefs, Regional Review Workshops, and Thematic Papers . 8 Website Clearinghouse and e-Forum. 8 Structure of the Report. 8 Chapter 2. Biophysical Characteristics of Lakes. 9 Global Extent and Distribution of Lakes . 9 A Typology of Lakes: What Differentiates one Lake from Another? . 9 Basin Type . 9 Origin/Age . 11 Climate . 11 Salinity . 11 Mixing/Stratifi cation. 11 Features Common to Lakes: What Differentiates Lakes from Other Waterbodies? . 12 Integrating Nature. 12 Long Retention Time . 12 Complex Response Dynamics . 13 Implications for Lake Basin Management . 13 Chapter 3. Human Use of Lakes: Values, Problems, and Responses . 15 Resource Values of Lakes and Their Basins . 15 Total Economic Value . 17 Typical Problems Facing the World’s Lakes . 18 In-Lake Problems. 19 Littoral Zone Problems . 20 Lake Basin Problems. 20 Regional/Global Problems . 20 Emerging Problems. 21 Groundwater Flows . 21 Atmospheric Nutrient Pathways . 23 Contents i Climate Change . 23 Shrinking Lake Size. 23 Globalization . ..