2018 | Expedition Report CCGS Amundsen LEG 1 BaySys LEG 2A Sentinel North BriGHT / BaySys LEG 2B Sentinel North PhD School & BOND LEG 2C Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem ROV Program / DFO / ArcticNet Frobisher & HiBio LEG 3 Kitikmeot / ArcticNet Amundsen Science Université Laval Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, room 4081 1045, avenue de la Médecine Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 CANADA www.amundsen.ulaval.ca Camille Wilhelmy Amundsen Expedition Reports Editor [email protected] Anissa Merzouk Amundsen Science Project Coordinator [email protected] Alexandre Forest Amundsen Science Executive Director [email protected] Table of Content LIST OF FIGURES VI LIST OF TABLES XIV PART I – OVERVIEW AND SYNOPSIS OF OPERATIONS 2 OVERVIEW OF THE 2018 AMUNDSEN EXPEDITION 2 Introduction 2 Regional settings 3 2018 Expedition Plan 4 LEG 1– 25 MAY TO 5 JULY 2018 – HUDSON BAY AND HUDSON STRAIT 6 Introduction 6 Synopsis of operations 7 Community Visits 12 Chief Scientist’s comments 13 LEG 2A – 5 JULY TO 13 JULY 2018 – HUDSON BAY AND HUDSON STRAIT 14 Introduction 14 Synopsis of operations 15 LEG 2B – 13 JULY TO 24 JULY 2018 – BAFFIN BAY, BAFFIN ISLAND COAST AND LABRADOR SEA 16 Introduction 16 Synopsis of operations 17 Chief Scientist’s comments 18 LEG 2C – 24 JULY TO 16 AUGUST 2018 – BAFFIN BAY, BAFFIN ISLAND COAST AND LABRADOR SEA 19 Introduction 19 Synopsis of operations 20 LEG 3 – 16 AUGUST TO 9 SEPTEMBER 2018 – BAFFIN BAY, BAFFIN ISLAND COAST AND QUEEN MAUD GULF 23 Introduction 23 Synopsis of operations 24 PART II – PROJECT REPORTS 27 CARBON EXCHANGE DYNAMICS, AIR-SURFACE FLUXES AND SURFACE CLIMATE – LEG 1 AND 2A 27 Introduction 27 Methodology 27 Preliminary Results 34 Comments and Recommendations 34 CLIMATE AND MARINE SYSTEM - SEA ICE – LEG 1 36 Introduction 36 Methodology 36 Preliminary Results 41 Comments and Recommendations 44 GLACIERS, ICEBERGS AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY – LEG 3 45 Introduction 45 Methodology 45 Preliminary results 55 SEABIRD AND MARINE MAMMAL SURVEYS – LEG 2C 56 i Introduction 56 Methodology 56 Preliminary results 57 BAYSYS MOORING OPERATIONS IN HUDSON BAY – LEG 1 59 Introduction 59 Methodology 61 Preliminary Results 65 ARCTICNET MOORING PROGRAM REPORT – LEGS 2C, 3 AND ONBOARD THE CCGS SIR WILFRID LAURIER 68 Introduction 68 Methodology 72 CTD-ROSETTE, LADCP AND UVP OPERATIONS – LEGS 0, 1, 2 AND 3 87 Introduction 87 Methodology 87 Preliminary Results 92 APPARENT AND INHERENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF OPEN AND ICE-COVERED HUDSON BAY IN RELATION TO PRIMARY PRODUCTION DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATTER, TRACING OF FRESHWATER AND RIVER PLUMES – LEG 1 AND 2A 95 Introduction 95 Methodology 97 Preliminary Results 104 Reference 106 FRESHWATER INFLUENCE ON MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES OF THE HUDSON BAY SYSTEM – LEGS 1 AND 2A 108 Introduction 108 Methodology 108 ZOOPLANKTON AND FISH ECOLOGY/ACOUSTICS– LEGS 1, 2 AND 3 110 Introduction 110 Methodology 111 Preliminary results 116 Acknowledgement 121 INTEGRATED STUDIES AND ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LABRADOR SEA DEEP OCEAN – LEG 2C 122 Introduction 122 Methodology 124 Preliminary Results 150 Reference 152 PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS AND SIZE STRUCTURE – LEG 3 153 Introduction 153 Methodology 153 Preliminary Results 154 DEVELOPMENT OF A CSIA-AA BASED PROXY TO RECONSTRUCT PLANKTON COMMUNITY COMPOSITIONS IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN– LEG 2C 156 Introduction 156 Methodology 157 Reference 159 SPATIAL SURVEYS OF NET COMMUNITY PRODUCTION RATES AND PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS AND TAXONOMY – LEGS 2C AND 3 161 Introduction 161 Methodology 163 Preliminary Results 165 Reference 167 ii MARINE PRODUCTIVITY: CARBON AND NUTRIENTS FLUXES – LEGS 1, 2 AND 3 168 Introduction 168 Methodology 169 Reference 172 MICROBIAL AND GEOCHEMICAL BASELINES IN BAFFIN BAY AND THE LABRADOR SEA - LEG 2C 174 Introduction 174 Methodology 175 Acknowledgement 181 Reference 182 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN – LEG 3 183 Introduction 183 Methodology 184 Preliminary results 185 Comments and Recommendations 187 ASSESSING MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC USING MOLECULAR TOOLS – LEG 3 189 Introduction 189 Methodology 189 Comments and Recommendations 191 DAVIS STRAIT – BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OVER SPONGE BEDS AND COLD-WATER CORAL REEFS – LEG 2 192 Introduction 192 Methodology 193 Acknowledgement 196 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROCARBON BACTERIA AND THEIR BIODEGRADATION POTENTIAL – LEG 1 197 Introduction 197 Methodology 197 Preliminary Results 199 BASELINE HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATION IN HUDSON BAY – LEG 1 200 Introduction 200 Methodology 200 MICROBIAL GENOMICS FOR OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS IN CANADA’S ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT – LEGS 1 AND 2A 201 Introduction 201 Methodology 202 NORTHERN CONTAMINANTS PROGRAM; ASSESSING PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC – LEG 2A AND 3 206 Introduction 206 Methodology 206 Preliminary Results 211 MICROPLASTIC SAMPLING – LEG 2C 212 Introduction 212 Methodology 212 SAMPLING WATER FOR PESTICIDES ANALYSIS IN ARCTIC WATERS - LEG 3 214 Introduction 214 Methodology 215 Reference 215 SHIP DIESEL DEGRADATION BY MARINE MICROORGANISMS UNDER ARCTIC CONDITIONS (GENICE) – LEG 3 217 Introduction 217 Methodology 217 iii CONTRIBUTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND HYDROELECTRIC REGULATION TO THE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE OF FRESHWATER-MARINE COUPLING IN THE HUDSON BAY SYSTEM – LEGS 1 AND 2A219 Introduction 219 Methodology 220 Reference 228 AGASSIZ TRAWL, BOX CORE AND ROSETTE SAMPLING FOR HBI AND STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS– LEG 2C 230 Introduction 230 Methodology 230 BENTHIC BIODIVERSITY, BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN THE CHANGING CANADIAN ARCTIC – LEG 3 236 Introduction 236 Methodology 236 Preliminary Results 239 Acknowledgement 239 MACROFAUNA DIVERSITY ACROSS HUDSON BAY COMPLEX – LEGS 1 AND 2A 240 Introduction 240 Methodology 240 Acknowledgement 242 HIGH RESOLUTION SURVEY OF OCEANIC DIMETHYLSULFIDE IN CONTRASTED MARINE ENVIRONMENTS OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC – LEG 2 243 Introduction 243 Methodology 243 Preliminary Results 243 Acknowledgment 244 SEABED MAPPING, MVP AND SUB-BOTTOM PROFILING – LEGS 1, 2 AND 3 245 Introduction 245 Methodology 246 Preliminary Results 247 Incidents 260 INTEGRATED MARINE GEOSCIENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN FROBISHER BAY, NUNAVUT – LEG 2C 263 Introduction 263 Methodology 265 Preliminary Results 269 Acknowledgement 276 Reference 276 U-TH DYNAMICS IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS, AND SILICON ISOTOPE DYNAMICS IN SPONGES OF THE EASTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC – LEG 2C 278 Introduction 278 Methodology 278 COLLECTING SEDIMENTARY RECORD AND DINOFLAGELLATE SAMPLES IN BAFFIN BAY – LEG 2C 282 Introduction 282 Methodology 282 Preliminary Results 285 Acknowledgement 292 COLLECTING SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCES FOR PALEOCLIMATE, PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN THE EASTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO AND BAFFIN BAY – LEG 3 293 Introduction 293 Methodology 293 Preliminary results 302 Acknowledgment 305 iv HIDDEN BIODIVERSITY AND VULNERABILITY OF HARD-BOTTOM AND SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC – LEG 2C 306 Introduction 306 Methodology 308 Preliminary Results 311 Operations 313 Conclusions 349 Acknowledgement 350 References 350 VULNERABLE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE NORTHERN LABRADOR SEA AND BAFFIN BAY: BIODIVERSITY, LONGEVITY, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, MICROBIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION – LEG 2C 351 Introduction 351 Methodology 354 Incidents 361 Preliminary Results 362 References 375 APPENDIX 1 – LIST OF STATIONS SAMPLED DURING THE 2018 AMUNDSEN EXPEDITION 376 APPENDIX 2 – SCIENTIFIC LOG OF ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED DURING THE 2018 AMUNDSEN EXPEDITION 379 APPENDIX 3 – CTD LOGBOOK FOR THE 2018 AMUNDSEN EXPEDITION 406 APPENDIX 4 – LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ON THE 2018 AMUNDSEN EXPEDITION 409 v List of Figures Part I – Overview and synopsis of operations Figure 2-1 Ship track and location of stations sampled by the CCGS Amundsen in support of BaySys program in the Hudson Bay during Leg 1 of the 2018 Expedition 6 Figure 2-2 Western Hudson Bay cruise track with all stations and remote tracks included. MODIS imagery overlay from 8 June – 14 June 2018 10 Figure 2-3 Nelson Estuary cruise track with all stations and remote tracks included. MODIS imagery overlay from June 18th 2018 12 Figure 3-1 Ship track and location of stations sampled by the CCGS Amundsen in support of Sentinel North BriGHT project in the Hudson Bay during Leg 2a of the 2018 Expedition 14 Figure 4-1 Ship track and location of stations sampled by the CCGS Amundsen in support of Sentinel North PhD School and BOND projects in the Baffin Bay during Leg 2b of the 2018 Expedition 16 Figure 5-1 Ship track and location of stations sampled by the CCGS Amundsen in support of the Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem ROV Program and the ArcticNet Program in the Labrador Sea and in Baffin Bay during Leg 2c of the 2018 Expedition 19 Figure 6-1 Ship track and location of stations sampled by the CCGS Amundsen in support of the Kitikmeot Marine Ecosystems Study and the ArcticNet Program in Queen Maud Gulf and in the Baffin Bay and the Beaufort Sea during Leg 3 of the 2018 Expedition 23 Figure 1-1 The radiation sensors and digital camera located above the wheelhouse of the Amundsen. 29 Figure 1-2 The metrological tower located on the foredeck of the Amundsen with EC flux system (inset). 30 Figure 1-3 The underway system located in the engine room of the Amundsen. 31 Figure 1-4 The FDOM underway system located in the engine room beside the ship TSG system.32 Figure 1-5 The underway optode / GTD (PIGI) system installed in the forward lab. 32 Figure 2-1 Laura Dalman measuring the ice temperature profile of an ice core 37 Figure 2-2 Ice beacon positions and sea ice concentration on June 24th, 2018 39 Figure 2-3 Photograph of the on-ice meteorological station setup 40 Figure 2-4 The surface portion of the ice-tethered mooring. There is a GPS tracker within the surface unit that allowed us to recover the unit after 6 days 41 Figure 2-5 Temperature (a) and salinity (b) profiles for ice floes sampled in northern Hudson Bay (03- Jun-18) and southern Hudson Bay (23-Jun-18) 41 Figure 2-6 Ice beacon 21 position and drift speed 42 Figure 2-7 Ice beacon 26 drift speed 43 Figure 2-8 Ice beacon 26 position and drift speed 43 Figure 3-1 Iceberg tracking beacons: (a) Rockstar Iridium and (b) Solara Iridium Photos: Abigail Dalton.