RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 2014-15 UPDATED 16 APRIL 2015 Anzac Day 2015 David Watt Foreign Affairs, Defence and Security Section This ‘Anzac Day Kit’ has been compiled over a number of years by various staff members of the Parliamentary Library, and is updated annually. In particular the Library would like to acknowledge the work of John Moremon and Laura Rayner, both of whom contributed significantly to the original text and structure of the Kit. Nathan Church and Stephen Fallon contributed to the 2015 edition of this publication. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................ 4 What is this kit? .................................................................................................. 4 Section 1: Speeches ..................................................................................... 4 Previous Anzac Day speeches ............................................................................. 4 90th anniversary of the Anzac landings—25 April 2005 .................................... 4 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier............................................................................ 5 Ataturk’s words of comfort ................................................................................ 5 Section 2: The relevance of Anzac ................................................................ 5 Anzac—legal protection ..................................................................................... 5 The history of Anzac Day .................................................................................... 5 Is it Anzac Day or ANZAC Day? ........................................................................... 6 Traditions and rituals of Anzac Day .................................................................... 6 The dawn service .............................................................................................. 6 History of the ‘gunfire breakfast’, held after the dawn service on Anzac Day . 7 Anzac Day march .............................................................................................. 7 Follow-on and Two-up ..................................................................................... 8 Wearing medals ................................................................................................ 8 Wearing rosemary ............................................................................................ 8 “...a deadly and often doubtful struggle” PARLIAMEN T, WAR AND EMPIRE 1914-1918 ISSN 2203-5249 Laying a wreath or flowers ............................................................................... 8 The Ode ............................................................................................................ 9 The Last Post .................................................................................................... 9 The Anzac Biscuit .............................................................................................. 9 The meaning of Anzac ...................................................................................... 9 Poetry ............................................................................................................. 11 Section 3: Gallipoli ......................................................................................11 Gallipoli: what happened on 25 April 1915? .................................................... 11 The plan .......................................................................................................... 11 The wrong beach? .......................................................................................... 13 A long and terrible day ................................................................................... 13 Chronology of significant events during the remainder of the year .............. 14 Gallipoli: frequently asked questions ............................................................... 17 Why did the Anzacs land at Gallipoli? ............................................................ 17 Who was first ashore? .................................................................................... 17 How many Australians died on the first day? ................................................ 17 When did the Gallipoli campaign end? .......................................................... 17 What other nationalities were at Gallipoli? ................................................... 17 Where else at Gallipoli did the Anzacs serve?................................................ 17 Were the British really ‘drinking tea’?............................................................ 17 Why wasn’t Simpson decorated? ................................................................... 17 How many Australians died at Gallipoli? ........................................................ 19 The campaign ................................................................................................... 19 First-hand accounts of the Gallipoli Campaign ................................................. 19 Gallipoli—legend versus myth .......................................................................... 21 Gallipoli—military resources ............................................................................ 22 Gallipoli—biographies ...................................................................................... 22 Gallipoli—geography, then and now ................................................................ 22 Section 4: The Western Front ...................................................................... 23 The AIF on the Western Front .......................................................................... 23 1916 .................................................................................................................. 23 Battles ............................................................................................................. 24 Fromelles ...................................................................................................... 24 Pozieres ........................................................................................................ 26 Mouquet Farm ............................................................................................. 27 1917 .................................................................................................................. 27 Battles ............................................................................................................. 28 Bullecourt ..................................................................................................... 28 Passchendaele (Third Ypres) ........................................................................ 29 1918 .................................................................................................................. 30 Battles ............................................................................................................. 30 Villers-Bretonneux ........................................................................................ 30 Anzac Day 2015 2 Hamel ........................................................................................................... 31 Amiens—the Third Battle of the Somme ..................................................... 32 Mont St Quentin ........................................................................................... 32 Hindenburg Line ........................................................................................... 33 Indigenous AIF personnel during the First World War ................................... 34 People ............................................................................................................. 34 Section 5: Remembering and honouring: memorials and heritage ................ 35 Centenary of Anzac ........................................................................................... 35 Ballot .............................................................................................................. 35 Links to sites with details of commemorative ceremonies ............................ 36 Remembrance Day ........................................................................................... 36 The Simpson Prize ............................................................................................ 36 War memorials and cemeteries overseas ........................................................ 36 War memorials in Australia .............................................................................. 38 Gallipoli websites ........................................................................................... 39 Western Front ................................................................................................ 39 Remains of war dead ...................................................................................... 39 Section 6: Anniversaries .............................................................................. 39 Balikpapan, 1 July 1945 .................................................................................. 39 Gang Toi, 8 November 1965 ........................................................................... 40 Section 7: Australian peacekeeping ............................................................. 40 Australian peacekeeping honour roll ............................................................. 41 Section 8: Statistics, links and further reading.............................................