Chapter - I Ethnography of tribes in India 1. Geographical distribution of the tribals in India 2. Population and numbers of Indian tribes 3. Bio-genetic variability among the tribes in India 4. Languages of the tribes in India 5. Social classification of Indian tribes 6. Social units among the tribes in India 7. Mate selection among the tribes in India 8. Economic classification of Indian tribes 9. Religion of the tribes in India 10. Impact of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Buddhism on tribal religions in India. Chapter - II Tribal problems in India 1. Problems of the tribals created by culture contact 2. Poverty and Indebtedness 3. Bonded labour 4. Land alienation, Displacement and Rehabilitation 5. Migration 6. Education 7. Health 8. Impact of industrialisation on the tribes of middle India. 9. Impact of urbanisation on the tribal life in middle India. Chapter - III Scheduled castes, Backward classes and constitutional provisions 1. Definitions of scheduled castes 2. Criteria of untouchability 3. Problems and disabilities of untouchable castes 4. Welfare measures for scheduled castes 5. Evolution of welfare measures meant for the development of scheduled castes 6. Backward classes & constitutional safeguards 7. Different backward classes commissions 8. Reservation policy as per Mandal commission. 9. Arguments for and against reservations of backward classes. 10. Schemes and measures for the welfare of the backward classes [OBCs] 11. Constitutional provisions Chapter – IV Social change among tribals Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India. Chapter - V Tribal development 1. Tribal administration-tribal areas, tribal policies. 2. Plans and programmes for tribal development 3. Approaches for tribal development 4. Causes of tribal unrest and discontent Chapter - VI Ethnic relations 1. Concepts associated with ethnic relations 2. Basic approaches to the study of ethnic relations 3. Dimensions of ethnic relations in India 4. Role of the British administration and the constitutions of India in relation to ethnic groups 5. Ethnic conflicts in India 6. Solutions to the problem of ethnic conflicts Chapter - VII Tribe and nation state 1. Concept of tribe- nation state 2. Tribe and nation –state in china 3. Tribe and nation state in Russia 4. Tribe and nation- state in Iran 5. Tribe and nation –state in Africa: colonial policy in Africa 6. Tribe and nation state in Australia 7. Tribe and nation –state in America Chapter - VIII Communalism, and regionalism 1. Communalism 2. Regionalism Miscellaneous 1. Shifting cultivation 2. Youth dormitories 3. Forest and tribals 4. FRA 5. PESA 6. Denotified, nomadic and semi nomadic tribes 7. PVTGs 8. Pseudo tribalism 9. Tribes as indigenous people 10. Tribe- definition and colonial construct 11. Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development. 12. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development. CHAPTER I ETHNOGRAPHY OF TRIBES IN INDIA 1. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRIBALS IN INDIA. The territories inhabited by tribes cross States and Union Territories in the country and several tribes are found residing across five to six states. There are also tribal groups whose populations are distributed across international boundaries such as tribes in Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram which have fellow tribes people in China (including Tibet), Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. The Nagas, for instance, are divided among the states of Nagaland, Manipur, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh as well as in the neighbouring country of Myanmar. Taking into account the geographical, ecological, social, economic, administrative, ethnic-administrative, ethnic and racial factors Vidyarthi and Rai (1976) proposed a fourfold geographical region along with one distinct sub- region of the islands. These are: (i) Himalayan Region, with three sub-regions, viz. (1) north-eastern Himalayan region includes the Assam, Meghalaya, the mountainous region of West Bengal, i.e., Darjeeling, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura. (2) central Himalayan region includes the Tarai areas of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar come in the central Himalayan region (3) north-Western Himalayan region includes the Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir constitute the north-western Himalayan region. More than one-third of the region’s population is made of tribals which is one- eight of the tribal India. The North-Eastern Himalayan region includes the following tribes: ✓ Assam: Bodo, Kachari, Miri, Rabha and Meeh ✓ Meghalaya: Chakma, Dimsa Kachari, Garo, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher, Lushai, Mikir, Synteng and Naga. ✓ Darjeeling district of west Bengal: Bhotiya and Lepcha ✓ Arunachal Pradesh: Abor, Aka, Apatani, Gallang, Dafla, Mishmi, Singpho, Ao and Sherdukpen, ✓ Nagaland: Naga, Kuki, Kachari, Mikir, and Garo. ✓ Manipur: Aimol, Angemi Naga, Purum and Sema Naga. ✓ Mizoram: Mizo ✓ Tripura: Bhil, Chakma, Kuki, Lepcha, Riang and Tripuri. The Central Himalayan region includes the following tribes: ✓ Tarai are of Uttar Pradesh: Bhotia, Khasas or Jaunsari ✓ Tarai area of Bihar: Bhotia and Korwa. The North-Western Himalayan region includes the following tribes: ✓ Jammu and Kashmir: Balti, Beda, Bot, Gaddi, Gujjar, Bakrawala and Sippi. ✓ Himachal Pradesh: Bhot, Gaddi, Gujjar, Kinnaur, Lahul, Pangwala, and Swangla. (ii) Middle India Region: It comprises Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh with more than 2 crores of tribal people, i.e.,55 per cent of the total in the country. The tribes found in this region are as follows: ✓ Bihar: Asur, Bhumiji, Birhor, Chero, Chik-Baraik, Gond, Kharia, Kharwar, Khond, Korwa, Lohar, Munda, Oraon, Maler, Santal, and Savara. ✓ West Bengal: Bhuiya, Birhor, Gond, Ho, Kharwar, Khond, Lodha, Mahali and Rabha. ✓ Orissa: Bagatha, Baiga, Bhuiya, Bhuin, Birhor, Didayi, Gadaba, Gond, Ho, Jatapu, Khond, Kharia, Koli, Kotiya, Koya, Poroja, and Savara. ✓ Madhya Pradesh: Agaria, Baiga, Bhattra, Bhunja, Gadaba, Gond, Halba, Kamar, Khond, Korku, Korwa, Munda and Nagesia. (iii) Western India Region.: It includes Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli with about 1 crore tribal population. The tribes in this region are distributed as follows: ✓ Rajasthan: Bhil, Mina, Dhanka, Garacia, Kathodi, Koli, Nayak and Sahariya. ✓ Gujarat: Bavacha, Bhil, Dhanka, Dhodia, Dubla, Gond, Katkari, Nayak, Paradhi, Rabari, and Warli. ✓ Maharashtra: Bavacha, Bhil, Bhunjia, Dhanka, Dhodia, Dubla, Gond, Halba, Koli, Pradhan, Pardhi and Thoti. ✓ Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Dhodia, Dubla, Naikda, Siddi, Warli and Kokna. (iv) South India Region: It comprises Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala with a meagre tribal population (1.66 per cent of the region), constituting one-sixteenth of the tribals of the country. The tribes in this region are distributed as follows: ✓ Andhra Pradesh: Andh, Bagata, Chenchu, Gadaba, Gond, Goudu, Jatapu, Kondadora, Kondareddi, Khond, Kotia, Koya, Mali, Mannedora, Mukadora, Pradhan, Reddidora, Savara, Sugali, Valmiki, Yanadi, and Yerukala. ✓ Tamil Nadu: Irula, Koraga, Kota, Malayali, Mannan, Badaga and Toda. ✓ Karnataka: Bavacha, Bhil, Chenchu, Dubla, Gond, Hakki-Pikki, Hansalaru, Kuruba, Kattunayakan, Koli, Koraga, Malaikudi, Malasar, Sholaga, and Soligar. ✓ Kerala: Irula, Kadar, Kanikkar, Kattunayakan, Koraga, Kuruchia, Kurumba, Pandharam, Pulaya, Malasar, Mannan, Ulladam and Urali. (v) The Island Region: The islands of Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea with 54.3 per cent tribal population constitute a distinct sub-region. The tribes living in this region are as follows: ✓ Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Andamanese, Jarawa, Nicobarese, Onges, Sentinelese, and Shompen. ✓ Lakshadweep Islands: Moplahs. 2. POPULATION AND NUMBERS OF INDIAN TRIBES Introduction: Although the Census of 2011 enumerates the total population of Scheduled Tribes at 10,42,81,034 persons, constituting 8.6 per cent of the population of the country, the tribal communities in India are enormously diverse and heterogeneous. There are wide ranging diversities among them in respect of languages spoken, size of population and mode of livelihood. The number of communities that find their place in the list of the Schedule of the Indian constitution is reflective of this diversity. The Government of India, in its Draft National Tribal Policy, 2006 records 698 Scheduled Tribes in India. As per the Census of India 2011, the number of individual groups notified as Scheduled Tribes is 705. There are many differences between these regions as well as differences from tribe to tribe. For example, while the Northeast is often viewed as a singular and homogeneous entity, the region is highly diverse with over 200 tribes and sub-tribes, each of which have their own language, culture and political structures. Further, the tribes of the Northeast differ from tribes in other parts of India, particularly in terms of their historical relationship with the colonial and Indian State. The tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, comprising 556 islands of which only a few are populated, are also distinct. The Islands are administered as a Union Territory under the Central Government and are home to some of the smallest tribes such as the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa and the Sentinelese. The tribes can also be differentiated on the basis of population size since communities like Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraons, Minas, Mundas and so on have a population that ranges from one million to a