The Hawaiian Language and Complete Grammar (Henry Judd). 0-1955 ge and Hawaiian English grammar. Honolulu, 04089472RPA RH 499.4 Judd, Henry Pratt, 1880-1955 Ju The Hawaiian language and Hawaiian- English dictionary; a complete grammar. Honolulu, Hawaiian Service, 1961. 117p. 0A089472RPA The Hawaiian Language and HAWAIIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY complete grammar Henry P. Judd PUBLISH BY HAWAIIAN SERVICE P.O. BOX 3835 HONOLULU HAWAII, U.S.A Copyright 1939 By Henry P. Judd PREFACE In 1854 Lorrin Andrews published his Hawaiian Grammar, a standard work for many years, and even today interesting to all students of the Hawaiian language. It is now out of print, however, and hence difficult to secure. In 1891 Prof. William D. Alexander published his “Short Synopsis of the Hawaiian Grammar,” an excellent work for all students of the language, but not sufficiently complete as a series of lessons for class-work. In 1930 Mrs. Mary Atcherly wrote “First Book in Hawaiian,” which was authorized by the Legislature of the Territory of Hawaii and handled by the Hawaiian Board Book Booms. In view of the increasing interest in the language of the Hawaiian, people, amounting to a renascence in Hawaiiana, it has been felt that a new work in the Hawaiian language, based on modern systems of instruction such as are used in teaching French, Spanish, Italian or German should be prepared for use in class-rooms throughout the islands and also for individual study. I am grateful to a group of persons interested in the promotion of this book, whose encouragement has meant much to the editor. And I am indebted to earlier works on the subject, especially to Lorrin Andrews and William D. Alexander, whose books, mentioned above, are most important for any student seeking to perfect himself in the knowledge and use of Hawaiian. It is the hope that such a rich language as Hawaiian, rich in expressions of feeling and emotion and beautiful in phraseology, may be perpetuated by all those who are interested in Hawaiiana and that this work may be helpful in carrying out the ideal of a preserved Hawaiian language. [ 3 ] The Hawaiian Language and Complete Grammar (Henry Judd). 0-1955 ge and Hawaiian English grammar. Honolulu, 04089472RPA RH 499.4 Judd, Henry Pratt, 1880-1955 Ju The Hawaiian language and Hawaiian- English dictionary; a complete grammar. Honolulu, Hawaiian Service, 1961. 117p. 0A089472RPA The Hawaiian Language and HAWAIIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY complete grammar Henry P. Judd PUBLISH BY HAWAIIAN SERVICE P.O. BOX 3835 HONOLULU HAWAII, U.S.A Copyright 1939 By Henry P. Judd PREFACE In 1854 Lorrin Andrews published his Hawaiian Grammar, a standard work for many years, and even today interesting to all students of the Hawaiian language. It is now out of print, however, and hence difficult to secure. In 1891 Prof. William D. Alexander published his “Short Synopsis of the Hawaiian Grammar,” an excellent work for all students of the language, but not sufficiently complete as a series of lessons for class-work. In 1930 Mrs. Mary Atcherly wrote “First Book in Hawaiian,” which was authorized by the Legislature of the Territory of Hawaii and handled by the Hawaiian Board Book Booms. In view of the increasing interest in the language of the Hawaiian, people, amounting to a renascence in Hawaiiana, it has been felt that a new work in the Hawaiian language, based on modern systems of instruction such as are used in teaching French, Spanish, Italian or German should be prepared for use in class-rooms throughout the islands and also for individual study. I am grateful to a group of persons interested in the promotion of this book, whose encouragement has meant much to the editor. And I am indebted to earlier works on the subject, especially to Lorrin Andrews and William D. Alexander, whose books, mentioned above, are most important for any student seeking to perfect himself in the knowledge and use of Hawaiian. It is the hope that such a rich language as Hawaiian, rich in expressions of feeling and emotion and beautiful in phraseology, may be perpetuated by all those who are interested in Hawaiiana and that this work may be helpful in carrying out the ideal of a preserved Hawaiian language. [ 3 ] LESSON 1 The Hawaiian Language “Why should we study the Hawaiian language?” is a question we sometimes hear. We may answer that in a land where there live several thousand Hawaiians, the study of the language will result in our ability to converse with these people. Not only shall we be able to talk with the Hawaiian people themselves, but we shall be able to read Hawaiian language documents, stories, history, and other forms of literature. The study of Hawaiian will help us obtain the spirit of the ancient Hawaiians, to understand the full meaning of their thoughts as expressed in this beautiful and meaningful language. Origin of the Language Hawaiian is one branch of the Polynesian language. It may well be regarded as a dialect of the Polynesian, others being the Samoan, Tahitian, Marquesan, Tuamotuan, and Maori dialects chiefly. There is an affinity between these dialects, some being closer than others. The Maori, Tahitian and Tuamotuan are closer to the Hawaiian in vocabulary than is the Samoan to the Hawaiian. And yet there are many words in the Samoan dialect exactly the same as in Hawaiian. The original home of the Polynesians was in India in all probability, and after a long period of migration they found themselves in the Pacific Ocean area. It is most likely that Tahiti or Raiatea in the Society Islands was the point from which the original migration of the alii and kahuna to Hawaii took place almost a thousand years ago. There are records of various voyages between Tahiti and Hawaii; the names of these pioneers have been handed down from generation to generation. Some Peculiarities of the Language Every word must end in a vowel and every syllable must end in a vowel. No two consonants can be pronounced without at least one vowel between them. There is but one exception to this rule and it applies to a word introduced by the American missionaries‒ Kristo, from “Christ.” [5] Any amount of vowels may be used together; for example, hooiaioia, which means “certified.” Elision is employed, for example, na ’lii, for na alii, the chiefs. The gutteral break represents the elision of k in other Polyne sian dialects. It is indicated by the hamzah (‘). The break is the essential part of the word. The using of the guttural break makes a different word, for example, a‘o means to teach, while a‘o means light, the world, etc. la means he, she, it, while i‘a means a fish. The Hawaiian is rich in descriptive terms, for rains, winds, etc. There are six words meaning to carry‒ hali, auamo (on the shoulder), ka'ika'i (in the hands), hii (in the arms), koi (on stick between two men), and haawe (on the back). Some expressions are cumbersome; for example in the Lord's Prayer the words, “Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debt ors” is but nine words in English and twenty-four in Hawaiian. There are no true diphthongs, but for the European ae, ai, ao, au, ei, ia and ua may be so classed. There are no consonants in the phrase “E i ae oe iaia”‒“Speak thou to him there.” Such an expression as “across” in English is difficult to ex press in Hawaiian. Mai kekahi aoao a i kekahi aoao ae, is perhaps the shortest way in which such a concept as “across” may be expressed. The Alphabet There are 12 letters in the alphabet. Of these, A, E, Ī, Q,U are vowels and H, K, L, M, N, P, W are consonants. The vowels are pronounced thus: a as in father, e as in vein, i as in peep, o as in own, u as in book. The consonants are pronounced thus: h as in hale, k as in Kate, l as in laid, m as in moon, n as in noon, p as in peak w as in alway. LESSON 1 The Hawaiian Language “Why should we study the Hawaiian language?” is a question we sometimes hear. We may answer that in a land where there live several thousand Hawaiians, the study of the language will result in our ability to converse with these people. Not only shall we be able to talk with the Hawaiian people themselves, but we shall be able to read Hawaiian language documents, stories, history, and other forms of literature. The study of Hawaiian will help us obtain the spirit of the ancient Hawaiians, to understand the full meaning of their thoughts as expressed in this beautiful and meaningful language. Origin of the Language Hawaiian is one branch of the Polynesian language. It may well be regarded as a dialect of the Polynesian, others being the Samoan, Tahitian, Marquesan, Tuamotuan, and Maori dialects chiefly. There is an affinity between these dialects, some being closer than others. The Maori, Tahitian and Tuamotuan are closer to the Hawaiian in vocabulary than is the Samoan to the Hawaiian. And yet there are many words in the Samoan dialect exactly the same as in Hawaiian. The original home of the Polynesians was in India in all probability, and after a long period of migration they found themselves in the Pacific Ocean area. It is most likely that Tahiti or Raiatea in the Society Islands was the point from which the original migration of the alii and kahuna to Hawaii took place almost a thousand years ago.