THE ENGLISH CONSONANT MISPRONUNCIATIONS PRODUCED BY SUNDANESE NATIVE SPEAKERS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of SarjanaSastra in English Letters By ALOYSIUS PRIANTO RAHARJO Student Number: 054214017 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS FACULTY SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 THE ENGLISH CONSONANT MISPRONUNCIATIONS PRODUCED BY SUNDANESE NATIVE SPEAKERS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of SarjanaSastra in English Letters By ALOYSIUS PRIANTO RAHARJO Student Number: 054214017 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS FACULTY SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 i ii iii iv FOR MY BELOVED PARENTS IN HOPE OF A BETTER FUTURE v vi vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would express my great thanks to Jesus Christ for His blessing and almightiness, give me the strength and spirit to finish this undergraduate thesis. I also would express my countless thanks to my parents, brother, and sister for the material and immaterial support. Without you this undergraduate thesis would be never done. I would like to appreciate my gratitude to Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M. A. who has patiently and wisely guided me from the beginning until the end of the making of this undergraduate thesis. I would extend my gratitude to Drs. H. Kasiyo M. Pd. as the headmaster of SMAN 1 Kuningan, Jawa Barat for the permission given to do the research at the school. And also Dra.Ii Wasita M. Hum.and Drs. AgiAgusMulyadi M. Hum. as the English teachers of SMAN 1 Kuningan, I would appreciate my gratitude for the help given during the collecting the data in the school. I do not forget to express my gratitude to the nineteen students of SMAN 1 Kuningan whose names can not be mentioned here one by one for the willingness and time to have their speech recorded. Last, I would like to express my thanks to my friends DoniAgungSetiawan, AgathonHutama, JhoniFrederikusSikantLayang, BayuDewaMurti, and all of my friends whose names can not be mentioned here one by one for the support and inspiration given. Without all of you my life would be not so meaningful and colorful. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE.................................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………… iii MOTTO PAGE …..………………………………………………………….. iv DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………………. v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ………………………………………… vi PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN …………………………………………. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………… viii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………… ix ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………. x ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………… xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………... 1 B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………………. 3 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………. 4 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………... 4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………………… 6 A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………………... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………………. 8 C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………… 33 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 35 A. Object of the Study …………………………………………………….. 35 B. Method of the Study …………………………………………………… 35 CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULT …………………………………….. 41 A. Data Description ……………………………………………………….. 41 B. Contrastive Analysis of English-Sundanese phonetics ………………… 42 C. Phonological Analysis of The English Consonants Mispronunciation … 44 D. Summary of the Research ……………………………………………… 70 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………………. 74 BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………….. 76 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………. 78 Appendix 1 …………………………………………………………….. 78 ix ABSTRACT ALOYSIUS PRIANTO RAHARJO. The English Consonant Mispronunciation Produced by Sundanese Native Speakers. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2010. Mispronunciation is the performance errors or mistakes of pronunciation caused by fatigue and inattention, and also lack of knowledge of the rules of the language. Mispronunciation is also the result of the stiffness of mature speech organs (fatigue), the failure to imitate the sound (inattention), and poor abilities how to produce the sound in the learning process (lack of knowledge). The English consonant mispronunciation analyzed is Sundanese native speakers. There are two reasons to take this study. First, the writer wants to know the consonant differences between English and Sundanese. Second, the writer wants to know the the English consonant mispronunciation produced by Sundanese native speakers as the result of consonant differences. There is a wide gap of consonant inventories between English and Sundanese. There are two problems in this study. The first is what phonesare similar and different in English and Sundanese. The second problem is what are the English consonant phones mispronounced by Sundanese native speaker as the result of consonant differences and how can they be explained phonologically. From these problems, the objectives of this study are to find out the similarities and differences between English and Sundanese, to identify the English consonants mispronounced by native speakers of Sundanese, and to understand the phonological process of the mispronunciation. There are two methods applied in this research to answer the problem. The first method is contrastive analysis which looks for the similarities and differences between two languages. It is applied to answer the first problem. The second method is the error analysis which analyzes the English consonant mispronunciation by native speakers of Sundanese as the result of the language differences. It is applied to answer the second problem. This study found that there were nine English consonants which were predicted would be mispronounced after contrasting the consonant both English and Sundanese such as [f v θ ð ʧ ʤ ʃ ʒ z]. The fact in the field showed that the English consonants mispronunciation often occurred in some consonants like [v θ ð ʒ z], shown by their accuracies were under 50%. The mispronunciation was caused by their absence in the Sundanese phonological system. Other consonants such as [f ʧ ʤ ʃ] were not difficult to be pronounced shown by their accuracies were more than 50%. x ABSTRAK ALOYSIUS PRIANTO RAHARJO. The English Consonant Mispronunciation Produced by Sundanese Native Speakers. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010. Salah pengucapan adalah tindakan pengucapan yang keliru atau salah, yang disebabkan oleh factor kelelahan, ketidakperhatian, dan minimnya pengetahuan mengenaita tabahasa. Salah pengucapan juga merupakan hasil dari kekakuan organ yang berfungsi untuk berbicara (fatigue), kegagalan meniru suara (inattention), dan kurangnya kemampuan untuk menghasilkan suara dalam proses belajar (lack of knowledge). Salah pengucapan yang dianalisis adalah konsonan Bahasa Inggris yang diucapkan oleh penutur asli Bahasa Sunda. Alasan dilakukannya penelitian ini ada dua, yaitu, yang pertama, penulis ingin mencari tahu perbedaan bunyi konsonan antara Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Sunda. Yang kedua, penulis mencaritahu bunyi konsonan bahasaInggris yang salah ucap oleh penutur asli bahasa Sunda sebagai hasil dari perbedaan bunyi konsonan tersebut. Terdapat banyak perbedaan bunyi konsonan antara kedua bahasa tersebut. Pada penelitian ini terdapat dua pokok permasalahan. Pokok permasalahan pertama adalah apa saja persamaan dan perbedaan bunyi konsonan antara Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Sunda. Sedangkan pokok permasalahan kedua yaitu apa saja bunyi konsonan bahasa Inggris yang salah ucap berdasarkan perbedaan tersebut dan bagaimana kesalahan pengucapan konsonan bahasa Inggris dapat dijabarkan dari sudut pandang fonologi. Dari pokok-pokok permasalahan tersebut dapat dirumuskan bahwa objektif penelitian ini adalah mencari dan menjabarkan kesalahan pengucapan konsonan bahasa Inggris oleh penutur asli bahasa Sunda. Ada dua metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini untuk menjawab kedua pokok permasalahan tersebut. Untuk menjawab pokok permasalahan pertama, menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif yang mencari persamaan dan perbedaan antara dua bahasa. Sedangkan untuk menjawab pokok permasalahan kedua menggunakan metode analisis kesalahan yang menganalisa kesalahan pengucapan konsonan bahasa Inggris oleh penutur asli bahasa Sunda sebagai hasil dari perbedaan kedua bahasa tersebut. Penelitian ini telah menemukan bahwa terdapat Sembilan konsonan bahasa Inggris yang diprediksi salah ucap setelah membandingkan konsonan bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Sunda, yaitu [f v θ ð ʧ ʤ ʃ ʒ z].Fakta dilapangan menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan pengucapan seringkali terjadi pada konsonan [v θ ð ʒ z] yang ditunjukkan oleh tingkat akurasi pengucapan yang dibawah 50%. Kesalahan pengucapan tersebut disebabkan oleh tidak adanya konsonan tersebut dalam sistim fonetik bahasa Sunda. Sedangkan konsonan yang lainseperti [f ʧ ʤ ʃ] tidak begitu sulit untuk diucapkan sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh tingkat akurasi pengucapan yang lebih dari 50%. xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Indonesia has many local languages. One of them is Sundanese, which is spoken in West Java in Indonesia. According to Subarna, there are three major local languages in Indonesia, that is Javanese which is spoken by 75,2 million peoples, Sundanese by 27 million peoples,