E = 14.00 MeV Sin SIGTOT = 1.81 b MFP = 11.08 cm I TOTAL INELASTIC {n, 2n) {n, no) (n, n'p) (n, d) 2.6% 0.4% 4.3% 1.0% TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 357 Handbook on ^ l INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1993 HANDBOOK ON NUCLEAR DATA FOR BOREHOLE LOGGING AND MINERAL ANALYSIS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HAITI PANAMA ALBANIA HOLY SEE PARAGUAY ALGERIA HUNGARY PERU ARGENTINA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA INDIA POLAND AUSTRIA INDONESIA PORTUGAL BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BELARUS IRAQ ROMANIA BELGIUM IRELAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION BOLIVIA ISRAEL SAUDI ARABIA BRAZIL ITALY SENEGAL BULGARIA JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE CAMBODIA JAPAN SINGAPORE CAMEROON JORDAN SLOVENIA CANADA KENYA SOUTH AFRICA CHILE KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SPAIN CHINA KUWAIT SRI LANKA COLOMBIA LEBANON SUDAN COSTA RICA LIBERIA SWEDEN COTE D'lVOIRE LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRTYA SWITZERLAND CROATIA LIECHTENSTEIN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CUBA LUXEMBOURG THAILAND CYPRUS MADAGASCAR TUNISIA DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S MALAYSIA TURKEY REPUBLIC OF KOREA MALI UGANDA DENMARK MAURITIUS UKRAINE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ECUADOR MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT EGYPT MONGOLIA BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EL SALVADOR MOROCCO IRELAND ESTONIA MYANMAR UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FINLAND NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FRANCE NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA GABON NICARAGUA VIET NAM GERMANY NIGER YUGOSLAVIA GHANA NIGERIA ZAIRE GREECE NORWAY ZAMBIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ZIMBABWE The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Head- quarters of the. Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". © IAEA, 1993 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 1993 STI/DOC/010/357 TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 357 HANDBOOK ON NUCLEAR DATA FOR BOREHOLE LOGGING AND MINERAL ANALYSIS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1993 VIC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Handbook on nuclear data for borehole logging and mineral analysis. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 1993. p. ; 24 cm. — (Technical reports series, ISSN 0074-1914 ; 357) STI/DOC/10/357 ISBN 92-0-102393-6 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radiation well logging — Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Mineralogy, Determinative — Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Isotope geology — Techniques. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series: Technical reports series (International Atomic Energy Agency) ; 357. VICL 93-00063 FOREWORD In April 1986 the International Atomic Energy Agency convened a meeting on Nuclear Data for Applied Nuclear Geophysics at its Headquarters in Vienna. The meeting was attended by specialists in nuclear geochemistry and nuclear geophysics, and by other nuclear data experts from seven countries. From discussions at this meeting it became evident that a major effort was needed to produce a Handbook and an associated database to fulfil the nuclear data requirements of the nuclear geophysics and geochemistry community. The participants identified the most pressing requirements in microscopic cross-section and decay data (the Proceedings of this meeting were published by the IAEA as Report INDC(NDS)-184, issued in 1987). The contents of this Handbook follows the recommendations of this meeting. The Handbook is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 is the introduction, Chapters 2 to 4 contain decay data and Chapters 5 to 7 contain neutron source spectra and neutron cross-section data. The preparation of such a Handbook requires a number of compromises that may not be universally acceptable. To ensure that the length of the Handbook remained within acceptable limits, it was necessary to omit some material from the original nuclear decay data tables. Owing to such omissions, in the table of prompt 7 rays from thermal neutron capture (Chapter 3) only y rays with intensities higher than 2% are cited. In Chapter 4 (nuclear decay y rays) only y rays with intensities higher than 5 % are cited. It is believed that y rays with intensities below these limits are rarely usable for practical purposes and therefore these omissions will not usually cause any inconvenience to users. It should also be mentioned that it was not possible to include all the existing references in the figures in Chapter 6, and, in many cases, only the most recent results were quoted. While every effort has been made to ensure consistency and uniformity of presentation between the different parts of this Handbook, there may still remain some inconsistencies concerning the standard reference values of some half-life, abundance or branching ratio data. The user is therefore requested to refer to Chapter 2 for the recommended values of these quantities. It should be emphasized that the data contained in Chapters 5 and 6 of this Handbook have been assembled in a special computer file, the International Nuclear Geophysics Database-90 (INGD-90), in order to present the data in greater detail and facilitate their updating in the future. This computer database can be obtained from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section upon request, together with the documenting Report INDC(NDS)-127. This database is recommended for the computer treatment of experimentally measured results. The Agency wishes to thank all the contributors and also those who have critically reviewed the original manuscript, especially J. Schweitzer, C. Clayton, P. Ekstroem, J.K. Tuli and M.A. Lone. The IAEA officer responsible for the overall co-ordination and compilation of this Handbook was N.P. Kocherov (Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences). EDITORIAL NOTE Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judge- ment by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. General remarks 1 1.2. Radiation sources in nuclear geophysics 3 1.3. Important techniques and applications in nuclear geophysics and their relevance to nuclear data requirements 5 1.3.1. Neutron interaction methods 5 1.3.1.1. Neutron activation y ray analysis 5 1.3.1.2. Neutron induced prompt y ray analysis 6 1.3.1.3. Neutron inelastic and elastic scattering 6 1.3.1.4. Detection of neutron induced fission neutrons 7 1.3.1.5. Thermal neutron decay time 8 1.3.1.6. Epithermal neutron decay time 9 1.3.1.7. Gamma-gamma scattering and energy dispersive X ray fluorescence 10 1.4. Conclusions 10 CHAPTER 2. TABLE OF NUCLIDES 11 2.1. Introduction 11 2.2. Explanation of the table 11 References 12 CHAPTER 3. PROMPT GAMMA RAYS FROM THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE — Extracted from the database 39 Reference 39 CHAPTER 4. NUCLEAR DECAY GAMMA RAYS WITH INTENSITIES HIGHER THAN 5% — An extract from the ENSDF radioactivity database 41 Reference 42 CHAPTER 5. SPECTRA OF NEUTRON SOURCES 43 5.1. Isotopic (a,n) sources 43 5.2. Neutron spectrum of spontaneous fission of 252Cf 48 5.3. 14 MeV D-T neutron generators 49 References 53 CHAPTER 6. NEUTRON INDUCED REACTION CROSS-SECTION DATA FOR NUCLIDES REQUIRED FOR BOREHOLE LOGGING AND MINERAL ANALYSIS 55 6.1. Data types and formats 55 6.2. Detailed data for elements 58 6.2.1. Hydrogen 58 6.2.2. Boron 58 6.2.3. Carbon 59 6.2.4. Oxygen 60 6.2.5. Sodium 61 6.2.6. Magnesium 62 6.2.7. Aluminium 63 6.2.8. Silicon 65 6.2.9. Sulphur 66 6.2.10. Chlorine 67 6.2.11. Potassium 68 6.2.12. Calcium 69 6.2.13. Titanium 71 6.2.14. Vanadium 73 6.2.15. Chromium 74 6.2.16. Manganese 76 6.2.17. Iron 77 6.2.18. Nickel 78 6.2.19. Copper 80 6.2.20. Tungsten 82 6.2.21. Gold 84 References 212 CHAPTER 7. NEUTRON SOURCE AVERAGED CROSS-SECTIONS ... 223 LIST OF AUTHORS 231 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. GENERAL REMARKS The use of nuclear data in the design of nuclear reactors and reactor shielding is well understood and well established. In general, the problems encountered are characterized by man-made materials of precise composition and by well defined geometrical configurations. The relevant nuclear data are widely available, although there are many examples of requirements for more accurate and detailed information. In nuclear geophysics, an extension of the nuclear data available for reactor and shielding calculations is required. In general, the problems and the methods of attack are the same, but in nuclear geophysics the environment is earth materials, with virtually all the natural elements in the Periodic Table involved, although not at the same time. In addition, the geometrical configurations encountered in nuclear geophysics are very different from those associated with reactor and shielding design, and they can impose a different demand on the required accuracy of the nuclear data and on the dependence on the calculational approach. Borehole logging is a very good example, since an experimental investigation aimed at varying only one parameter (e.g. moisture content) whilst keeping all the others constant in a geologically complex system that effectively exhibits 'infinite geometry' for neutrons and y rays is virtually impossible.