UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA - UNESP CÂMPUS DE JABOTICABAL DISTRIBUTION, BIOECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CITRUS BROWN MITE Tegolophus brunneus Flechtmann (ACARI: ERIOPHYIDAE) Matheus Rovere de Morais Biologist 2019 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA - UNESP CÂMPUS DE JABOTICABAL DISTRIBUTION, BIOECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CITRUS BROWN MITE Tegolophus brunneus Flechtmann (ACARI: ERIOPHYIDAE) Matheus Rovere de Morais Advisor: Prof. Dr. Daniel Júnior de Andrade Thesis presented to the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-Unesp, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, as part of requirements to obtain the 2015Doctorate degree in Agronomy (Agriculture Entomology) 2019 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Matheus Rovere De Morais was born in Tabatinga, São Paulo, on February 21th, 1990. Son of José Caetano de Morais Neto and Aparecida Célia Rovere de Morais, he started studies in Tabatinga, São Paulo, where he finished basic level education in 2004. In 2005, He enrolled at Colégio Técnico Agrícola “José Bonifácio” of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP/FCAV), in Jaboticabal, São Paulo, where he finished high school and the course of Agricultural Technician in 2007. In 2008, he began studying biological sciences at the same university and graduated in January 2013. In March 2013, he initiated a Masters at the Graduate Program in Sciences (Entomology) in Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, of Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), where he was funded by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and developed his dissertation about integrated pest management, advised by Prof. Dr. Pedro Takao Yamamoto. Matheus obtained his Masters degree in June 2015 and, in August 2015, he started his doctorate in the Graduate Program in Agronomy (Agricultural Entomology) at UNESP/FCAV, advised by Prof. Dr. Daniel Júnior de Andrade, and funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and CAPES. e-mail: [email protected] I DEDICATE To my parents Aparecida Célia Rovere de Morais and José Caetano de Morais Neto. They are my examples of honesty, resilience and humility I TRIBUTE To my grandmother Eva Sgarbi Rovere for being my second mother and for always supporting me. I OFFER To all teachers who fight every day relentlessly to build a better and more egalitarian country for all Brazilians. Acknowledgements To God, for my life and for guiding my steps along the journey. To the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for the scholarship provided and financial support for this research (Fapesp Process 2016/03992-2) To Capes, as this study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 To the Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, and the Plant Protection Department and Post Graduation Program in Agronomy (Agriculture Entomology), for the opportunity of performing this work. To Prof. Dr. Daniel Júnior de Andrade for the valuable guidance, knowledge shared, confidence and friendship. To the professors of Graduate Program in Agronomy (Agricultural Entomology), for the knowledge, which greatly contributed to my academic and personal formation. To the agronomist engineers Éder Jonas Girotto of Sucocítrico Cutrale Ltda and Osvaldo Viu Serrano Júnior (Juca) of Fazenda da Toca and to the Agriculture Technician Helton José de Paula of Citrosuco for providing the field sites where this research was developed. To Dr. Carlos Holger Wenzel Flechtmann and Dr. Gilberto José de Moraes for the help with mite identification, and Dra. Aline Tassi of the Support Center for Electron Microscopy Research Applied to Agriculture (NAP-MEPA), all of them from Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (USP/ESALQ). To my friends at the Laboratory Samuel de Carvalho Andrade, Ana Lúcia Benfatti Gonzales Peronti, Matheus Alves de Siqueira, Hágabo Honorato, Gabriel Monteiro, Maiara Alexandre, Fabiano dos Santos, Cirano Cruz Melville, Patrice Jacob Savi, Yoandry Rodríguez Rivero, Jaqueline Della Vechia, Ingrid Amaral and Sidnéia Matos, for the great moments shared. To Joshua Cummings for his friendship since long ago and for helping in English revision. To all who were not mentioned here, but helped directly or indirectly to the completion of this work. Thank you!!! i SUMMARY Page RESUMO.....................................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................iv Chapter 1 – General considerations .................................................................... …….1 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... .....1 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Citrus economic importance .............................................................................. 3 2.2. Bioecological aspects of Eriophyidae ............................................................... 3 2.3. Citrus rust mites in Brazil .................................................................................. 6 3. References .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 - Biological and demographic parameters of Tegolophus brunneus (Acari: Eriophyidae) in citrus ............................................................................................ .....16 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 16 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 17 Material and methods ................................................................................................ 18 Mites ...................................................................................................................... 18 Development and reproduction of Tegolophus brunneus ...................................... 19 Assessment of the adult-stage parameters of Tegolophus brunneus .................... 20 Determination of the occurrence and type of parthenogenesis for Tegolophus brunneus ................................................................................................................ 20 Estimate of the demographic parameters of Tegolophus brunneus ....................... 21 Results ...................................................................................................................... 22 Immature stage duration and survival of Tegolophus brunneus ............................ 22 Determination of the adult stage parameters of Tegolophus brunneus ................. 22 Life expectancy and reproductive value of Tegolophus brunneus ......................... 22 Determination of the occurrence and type of parthenogenesis for Tegolophus brunneus ................................................................................................................ 23 Estimate of the demographic parameters of Tegolophus brunneus ....................... 23 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 23 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... 28 References ................................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 3 - Distribution of Tegolophus brunneus Flechtmann and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae) on the main citrus production region of Brazil and differential toxicity of the acaricides sulfur and abamectin to these species.......37 ii Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 37 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 38 2. Material and Methods ............................................................................................ 39 2.1. Areas and period of collection ......................................................................... 39 2.2. Sampling units ................................................................................................ 40 2.3. Mite identification ............................................................................................ 41 2.4. Estimation of Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) and 80 (LC80) ........................ 43 3. Results .................................................................................................................. 44 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................. 51 5. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 53 6. References ............................................................................................................ 53 Chapter 4 - Predatory mites collected in a conventional and in an organic citrus orchard and the functional response of Phytoseiidae mites preying on Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) and Tegolophus brunneus