Consultation Report No. 5 Military and Security Issues, and Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees in the Sudan The Sudan Peace-Building Programme African Renaissance Institute (ARI) & Relationships Foundation International (RFI) United Kingdom July 2002 Table of Contents The Summary Discussion Notes included in this document were compiled under the Chatham House Rule. They do not reflect the opinions of any one participant but are drawn from the range of views expressed, nor do they necessarily reflect the views of the African Renaissance Institute or the Relationships Foundation International. Section A I. Preface 3 II. List of Participants 4 III. Recommendations by the Sudanese Participants 7 Section B IV. List of Issues Considered and Ensuing Discussion 9 1. Re-establishing Security: Defining the Grounds for Cease-Fire and 9 Disengagement by Gen. (Retired) Elsir Mohammed Ahmed 2. Disarmament, Demobilisation, Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration 25 of Combatants in the Transition Period: the Case of Sudan by Commander Majak D’ Agoot 3. What if Peace Comes? by Lt. Gen. (Retired) Mkungu Joseph Lagu 59 4. To My Fellow Sudanese: Which Way Forward? by Lt. Gen. (Retired) 71 Mkungu Joseph Lagu 5. The Conflicting Concept and Praxes of ‘National Security’ and 93 Their Implications on Military and Security Arrangements in the Sudanese Conflict by Dr Peter Nyot Kok 6. Defining the Role of the Military and Security Services Ethically, 99 Constitutionally and Politically by Ambassador Maj. Gen. (Retired) Andrew Makur Thou 7. A Security Sector Reform Guide for the Sudan: Including Potential 113 Donor Support and the Reintegration of Former Combatants by Colonel (Retired) Phillip Wilkinson 8. A Guide for the Armed Forces of the GOS and the SPLA on the 139 Possible Military Mechanisms for Cease-Fire by Colonel (Retired) Phillip Wilkinson 9. The Magnitude of Recent Waves of Displacement in the Sudan and 160 Their Effects by Dr Sharaf El Din Ibrahim Bannaga 10. The Status of the Displaced in the Sudan and the Extent of their Re- 187 Settlement by Dr Sharaf El Din Ibrahim Bannaga 11. The Process of Resettlement and Reintegration of the Displaced 229 Population by Dr Dharaf El Din Ibrahim Bannaga 12. List of Tables and Drawings - Background Information 264 for Papers 9 to 11 by Dr Dharaf El Din Ibrahim Bannaga 13. The Return of the Displaced: A Challenge to the Country and the 295 International Community by Professor Francis Mading Deng 14. Reintegration of Women and Children in Post-War Situations 312 by Dr Priscilla Joseph Koug 15. Response - The Sudanese Refugees and the Hope for Peace 329 by Mrs Khadija Hussein Dafaala 16. The Role of the Private Sector, Civil Society and Local NGOs in 332 Rebuilding Social and Human Capital and Ensuring Respect for Human Rights by Dr Ahmed Abdel Rahman Saeed 17. The Impact of a Peace Agreement on OLS and Long-Term 348 Development of Sudan Under Alternative Constitutional Frameworks by Dr Salafeldin Salih Mohamed and Dr Al-Haj Hamed M. K. 18. Potential Donor Support for the Reintegration of War Affected 365 Population Following the Signing of a Peace Agreement by Mr Elijah Malok Aleng I. Preface The Sudan Peace-Building Programme is a strategic partnership between the African Renaissance Institute (ARI) and the Relationships Foundation International (RFI). The overall goal of the programme is to help bring long-term, just and sustainable peace to the Sudan. The programme’s methodology is based around a series of informal, confidential and low profile consultations attended by senior Sudanese leaders linked to the key constituencies in the country, and representing all shades of social, political and religious opinion. The Sudanese participants decide on the key constitutional and economic issues for research and discussion at the next consultation. At the moment, the programme does not itself become involved in any official peace negotiations between parties to the conflict, but aims to prepare the ground for such negotiations and implementation of agreements reached at IGAD. Over the last two years, the Sudan Peace-Building Programme has held five consultations to fulfil these objectives. The first consultation introduced the aims, methodology and activities of the programme to the participants and covered in general terms the issues of peace dividends, oil, water and alternative constitutional frameworks. The second consultation looked at (1) the Nile Waters and Agriculture and (2) Federalism and Self-Determination. The third consultation focused on (1) Self-determination, (2) the Oil and Gas Industry and (3) Religion and the State. The fourth consultation examined (1) the Alternative Constitutional Frameworks, (2) Alternative Transitional Arrangements and (3) Mineral Resources. The fifth consultation focused first on military and security issues, and secondly on internally displaced people and refugees. Under the military and security heading papers were presented by senior military personnel from both sides of the conflict, together with international military and security experts, exploring the immediate cease-fire and disengagement, and longer term issues such as de-mining, disarmament and social reintegration of former combatants. Under the second theme, there was the opportunity to explore the scale of the problem, especially around Khartoum, and strategies for the resettlement and reintegration of internally displaced persons and refugees. Special attention was paid to the needs of women and children, as well as the role of the civil society and national and international Non-Governmental Organisations. In its recommendations this consultation has focused on the development of a new phase to under-gird the implementation of the anticipated peace agreement emerging from the IGAD process. The new programme of formal meetings will be held under the name of “The Inter- Sudanese Consultation on Peace and Justice,” (ISCOP). The objectives, methodology and issues of the new programme were explored and agreed unanimously. We look forward to moving into this second phase of reconstruction with a renewed sense of hope that we can contribute to a peaceful, prosperous and just society which is built on the foundations of the consensus reached at past and forthcoming consultations. Professor Washington Okumu Presiding Chairman Sudan Peace-Building Programme London and Nairobi July 2002 II. List of Participants to the Fifth Consultation I. Chairmen 1. Professor Washington A. J. Okumu, Presiding Chairman, Vice- Chairman of ARI, Commissioner for Peace and Governance and Executive Director for Eastern and Central Africa 2. Viscount Brentford, Co-Chairman, RFI Chairman II. Sudanese Participants A. Sudan 1. Professor Yusuf Fadl Hassan 2. Ms Amira Yousif Adam Haroun 3. Professor Farouk Mohammed Kadouda 4. Mr Elzahawi Ibrahim Malik 5. Dr Sayed el-Khateeb 6. General Yousif Ahmed Yousif 7. Mr Reafee Sbu Jmoona 8. Dr Mohammed Elmukhtar Hassan Hussein 9. Professor Hassan Makki Mohammed Ahmed 10. Mr Rabia Hassan Ahmed 11. Ambassador Mathiang Malual Mabur 12. Dr Priscilla Joseph Koug 13. Commander Kon Majak Kon 14. Mr Abdeldaem Mohamedian Ali Zomrawi 15. Mulana Abel Alier 16. Mr Osman Khalid Mudawi B. Kenya 17. Dr Peter Nyot Kok 18. Mr Telar Deng 19. Dr Justin Yaac Arop 20. Ms Rebecca J. Okwaci 21. Mr John Luk Jok C. Germany 22. Dr Costello Garang D. UK 23. Mrs Khadija Hussein Dafaala 24. General Mkungu Joseph Lagu 25. Mr Aldo Ajou Deng 26. Mr Suleiman Musa Rahhal 27. Mr Ahmed Draige 28. Mr Kamal Abdalla Tahir E. Norway 29. Dr Sharif Harir III. Paper Presenters F. Sudan 1. Ret Gen Elsir Mohammed Ahmed 2. Dr Sharaf El Din Ibrahim Bannaga 3. Dr Priscilla Joseph Koug 4. Dr Sulafeldin Salih Mohamed G. Kenya 5. Mr Elijah Malok Aleng 6. Commander Majak D’Agoot 7. Dr Ahmed Abdel Rahman Saeed 8. Dr Peter Nyot Kok H. USA 9. Professor Francis Mading Deng I. UK 10. Col. Philip Wilkinson 11. Mrs Khadija Hussein Dafaala 12. General Mkungu Joseph Lagu J. Italy 13. Ambassador Maj. Gen. Andrew Makur Thou IV. International Discussants 1. Mr Florian Fichtl, World Bank 2. Mr Marv Koop, UNDP 3. Mr Owen Green, Bradford University V. International Participants A. UK 1. Ms Rachel Sisk, Sudan Unit, Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK 2. Ms Jo Graham, Sudan Unit, Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK 3. Dr Alastair McPhail, Sudan Unit, Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK VI. International Facilitators 1. Dr Michael Schluter, RFI Research Director 2. Mrs Grace Oloo, Gender and Women’s Officer, ARI 3. Dr Edward A. Christow, Executive Secretary and Research Manager, RFI 4. Dr Jeremy Ive, RFI Policy Advisor 5. Stephen J. Stordy, RFI Finance and Development Manager 6. Miss Sophie Bishop, Conference Administrator VII. Apologies 1. Dr Kamal Obeid 2. Dr Al Shafea Ahmed Mohammed 3. Mr Ali el Safi 4. Dr Taiser Ahmed Ali 5. Professor Ibrahim Hassan Abdel Galil 6. Mr Mohammad Elamin Khalifa 7. Mr Wani Igga 8. Commander Simon Kun Pouch 9. Dr Mahboob Abdel Salam 10. Mr Salah Mohammed Ahmed Elameer 11. Dr Abdel Rahman Ibrahim El Khalifa 12. Mr Praveen Pardeshi, UNDP 13. Mr Mark Cutts, UNHCR 14. Mr Wayne Neill, Department of State, US 15. Mr Jim Dunlap, Department of State, US 16. Mr Alan Goulty, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK 17. Mr Kjell Hodnebo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway 18. Ambassador Josef Bucher, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland III. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE FIFTH CONSULTATION OF THE ARI/RFI SUDAN PEACE-BUILDING PROGRAMME Preamble We the participants attending an informal consultation, organised by the African Renaissance Institute (ARI) and Relationships Foundation International (RFI), drawn from many political constituencies in Sudan, hereby welcome the signing of the Machakos Protocol between the Government of the Republic of Sudan (GOS) and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A). We seek to further the ideal, which has been expressed at Machakos, and pledge ourselves to work together for a just, soundly-based, comprehensive and fully inclusive peace settlement in our country.