United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development Sustainable Development in the 21st century (SD21) Food and Agriculture: The future of sustainability February 2012 DRAFT Study prepared by Daniele Giovannucci Acknowledgements This study is part of the Sustainable Development in the 21st century (SD21) project. The project is implemented by the Division for Sustainable Development of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Support from the European Commission is gratefully acknowledged. This publication has been produced with the support of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. The concept for this paper was developed by Daniele Giovannucci of the Committee on Sustainability Development and David Le Blanc of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA). Four broad-based groups participated in this high-level effort to solicit views of thought leaders from all facets of agriculture on how the food and agricultural system could become significantly more sustainable while best meeting the need for global food security. Group 1: Policy and Trade Group convened by Charlotte Hebebrand of the International Food & Agricultural Trade Policy Council (IPC) 1, which promotes the role of trade in creating a more open, equitable, productive and sustainable global food & agricultural system. Contributing IPC members include high-level former government officials, agribusiness executives, farm leaders, academics and civil society leaders. IPC makes pragmatic trade policy recommendations to help solve the major challenges facing the global food & agricultural system in the 21st century—the need to promote global food security, to sustainably increase productivity, and to contribute to economic growth and development. IPC convenes influential policymakers, agribusiness executives, farm and civil society leaders, and academics from around the world in order to clarify complex issues, foster broad stakeholder participation in policy deliberations, and build consensus around pragmatic policy recommendations. Group 2: This Business Specialists Group was convened by The Keystone Center and coordinated by Sarah Stokes Alexander, Julie Shapiro and Keith A. Wheeler.2 The contributors for this paper are primarily, but not exclusively, private sector oriented, representing input companies, traders, and food and retail companies as well as several university perspectives. The Keystone Center seeks to solve our society’s most challenging environmental, energy, and public health problems. As an independent facilitator and mediator, it convenes leaders in the public, private, and civic sectors to solve problems and advance good public policy through productive dialogue. The Keystone Center facilitates Field to Market, an alliance of producers, agribusinesses, food companies, retailers, and conservation organizations that is working to facilitate quantification and identification of key environmental and socioeconomic sustainability outcomes and metrics, foster industry-wide dialogue, and generate processes for continued improvement in sustainable commodity agricultural production Group 3: The Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Expert Group was coordinated by Danielle Nierenberg of Worldwatch Institute’s Nourishing the Planet project 3, an evaluation of agricultural innovations that are working to alleviate hunger and poverty, while also protecting natural resources and promoting environmental sustainability and social justice. The group consisted of a diverse set of contributors ranging from authorities on the role of gender in agriculture and leaders of farmers groups to NGO 1 www.agritrade.org 2 http://www.keystone.org/spp/environment/sustainability/field-to-market 3 www.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet ii activists and academics from major universities. Despite the participants’ different backgrounds and viewpoints, a number of common themes emerged that point toward agro-ecological solutions that can that can address challenges to our food system, including the negative effects of climate change on crop production and a growing population. Group 4: An Agricultural Production and Environmental Sustainability Group was convened by Sara Scherr and Jeffrey Milder of EcoAgriculture Partners 4, which offers an independent platform for cross- sectoral dialogue and action among diverse stakeholders — from farmers and community organizations to international businesses, policy makers, NGOs and donors — striving for a world where agricultural communities manage their landscapes as eco-agriculture to enable them simultaneously to enhance rural livelihoods, conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services, and sustainably produce crops, livestock, fish, and fiber. The Group included researchers and agricultural NGO and farmer leaders from 14 countries who have been developing and promoting innovative agricultural production systems that have ecosystem benefits. Danielle Nierenberg, Karen Hansen-Kuhn, Sophia Murphy and Shiney Varghese all contributed important data and research for the paper. Dozens of experts representing many different countries offered their views for the paper. Of course, the views represented in synthesis do not necessarily reflect the contributors’ specific views or the specific endorsement of the entities they represent. The overall paper is an independent synthesis of many views wherein some consensus points have emerged. Despite the diversity of sectors represented here, we feel that there could be even more producer, consumer, or rural community representatives in the mix. As we look to downscale these conversations in the future from the global scale to the more regional/national/local scale, any conversation on sustainability should directly involve the producers themselves. We would like to acknowledge the more than 60 contributors from 23 countries for the time and thoughtful inputs that have enriched this process. Alphabetically they are: Ricardo Abramovay (Professor of Economics, University of São Paulo, Brazil) Bina Agarwal (Director and Professor of Economics, The Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, India) Juliana Albertengo (Program Manager, Agricultura Certificada, Aapresid, Argentina) Telmo J.C. Amado and colleagues (Professor, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil) Markus Arbenz (Executive Director, Int’l Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Germany) Allen Blackman (Senior Fellow, Resources for the Future, USA) John Buchanan (Director, Food Security, Conservation International, USA) José Joaquín Campos Arce (Director-General, CATIE, Costa Rica) John Coonrod (Executive Vice President, The Hunger Project, USA) Amanda DeSantis (Leader, Sustainability Initiatives, DuPont USA) Michael Doane with Brian Lowry and Tom Nickson (Sustainable Agriculture Policy, Monsanto Company (USA) Bill Even (Senior Manager, Biotech Affairs and Regulatory, Pioneer Hi-Bred International USA) Emile Frison (Director-General, Bioversity International, Italy) Dennis Garrity (Director-General, World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya) Celia Harvey (Vice-President, Conservation International, USA) Carl Hausmann (Managing Director, Global Government and Corporate Affairs , Bunge Limited, US) Charlotte Hebebrand (Chief Executive,, International Food & Agricultural Trade Policy Council USA) 4 http://www.ecoagriculture.org iii Hans Herren (President, Millennium Institute, USA) Jikun Huang (Director, Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy - Chinese Academy of Sciences China) Wes Jackson (The Land Institute, USA) Robbin Johnson (President, Cargill Foundation and Senior Advisor, Global Policy Studies, University of Minnesota, USA) Nancy Karanja (Professor, University of Nairobi, Urban Harvest, Kenya) Melinda Kimble (Sr. Vice President for Programs, United Nations Foundation US) Claire Kremen (Professor, University of California-Berkeley, USA) Robert Lawrence (Professor of Environmental Health Sciences, The Center for a Livable Future, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA) Ted Lefroy (Professor, University of Tasmania, Australia) Helio Mattar (President, Akatu Institute for Conscious Consumption, Brazil) Peter May (President, International Society for Ecological Economics and Professor Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Monique Mikhail (Sustainable Agriculture Policy Adviser, Oxfam GB, United Kingdom) David Molden (Director General, ICIMOD, Nepal) Luis Genaro Muñoz (General Manager, National Federation of Coffee Growers, Colombia) Mark Murphy (AVP Corporate Affairs, Cargill, USA) Amon Murwira (Professor, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe) Keith Newhouse (Director of Business Development, Winfield Solutions, Land O’Lakes USA) Jan Nijhoff (Senior Agricultural Economist, World Bank, Ghana) Mary Njenga (PhD research candidate, Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi and Urban Harvest, Kenya) Ruben Nunes (Professor, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) Herbert Oberhaensli (Vice President, Economics and International Relations, Nestle S.A. Switzerland) Ruth K. Oniang’o (Founder, Rural Outreach Program, Editor-in-Chief, African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND) (Kenya), Adjunct Professor of Nutrition, Tufts University USA) Rob Paarlberg (B.F. Johnson Professor of Political