Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(8) 910-924 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 8 (2014) pp. 910-924 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article The study of an increment of air pollution over a coastal city V.Lakshmana Rao* and P.Satish Department of Meteorology & Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T The major aim of this study is which the main sources of increases pollution are K e y w o r d s continuous over the Visakhapatnam area and how it has been facing the problems. In this study, we consider that how the pollution concentration increase from the Pollution, industries and vehicular trend is observed since last 15years. We observed the traffic Industrial volume at a major traffic intersection and at midway intersections along with time. areas, Here we consider that most of the industries are using crude oil, coal etc., the Transport expected gas emissions from stationary point sources are SPM, SO2 and NOx, activities, which are due to the combustion of coal, furnace oil and diesel. During the Combustion process heating, SO2 and NOX are released due to Combustion of fuels to maintain and Trends. reaction conditions. The pollution load from the industries in the bowl area and traffic volume data clearly points out that not only industry but also traffic is also a source of air pollution. Introduction i) The two hill ranges forming the northern (Kailasa range) and Southern (Yarada range) Unpleasant fumes and odors, reduced borders ii) The waltair highlands visibility, injury to human health, crops and extending along the shore iii) Extensive forms of vegetation by noxious pollutants tidal swamp on the west and iv) Bay of and damage to property by dust particles and Bengal on the eastern side. Fig. 2.1 collected corrosive gases rank among the major during April 86 through LANDSAT 5 environmental problems of urban and makes one clear of the environment of industrialized areas and their surroundings. Visakhapatnam and fig 2.2 is the graphical representation of the study area The fact was true with Visakhapatnam i.e. Visakhapatnam. (17°42'N; 82°18'E) a highly industrialized coastal metropolitan city on the east coast of The Kailas range (Northern hill range) is India. about 16km long rises abruptly from the seashore and gradually extends westwards Physiography culminating in its central highest part of Thomas Folly (506m). Thereafter, it The physiography of Visakhapatnam gradually decreases westward. The headland, exhibits distinctly three broad relief features projecting to the East into the Sea 910 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(8) 910-924 (Rushikonda) has been separated from Institutions. Visakhapatnam is one of the the range by a gap through which flows highly industrialized centers in the state of a stream known as Hanumanthavaka Andhra Pradesh. Gedda. Thus, except at this gap, the hill range forms an inaccessible natural Industrial development is at its peak in boundary. Visakhapatnam district and it is partly due to port-based export and import nativities. The Southern hill range known as Yarada There are several major industries like also forms an inaccessible boundary Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP), running for about 8km., from the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. shoreline in the East-West direction. The (HPCL), Coromandel Fertilizers I Id (CFL), headland projects boldly into the sea and Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessel Ltd., forms a cliff. After the shape of its projection (BHPV), Hindustan Zinc Ltd. (IIZL), LG it is known as Dolphins nose. The height of Polymers Ltd., and lots of other ancillary the range gradually increases eastward industries. Business and trade have also attaining its maximum at Yarada Konda contributed to the rapid growth of (358m). Its height decreases westward and Visakhapatnam district. Some more ends abruptly. industries are planning to establish their production units in this area. Greater 1) KAILASA HILL RANGE Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation 2) YARADA HILL RANGE area extends over a urea of 540 Sq.Km 3) SMALL HILLOCKS ON WEST including Visakhapatnam rural area. 4) "BAY OF BENGAL"- SEA ON EAST This rapid industrialization has The Waltair high lands are elongated for simultaneously increased urbanization in 6km, from South-West to North East along this city. The growth of population is also with sea shore. They have assumed a rapid and now Visakhapatnam is the second triangular shape in between the sea and the largest city in Andhra Pradesh, India swamp. The steep rise of the Waltair population wise The Fig. 2.3 explains the uplands above the low and rolling surface of population growth in the city. the Southwest, starts from the sand hill with an elevation of 50m and gradually raises Hindustan Petroleum Corporation northeastward culminating in the central Limited part of rock-house (84m) and thereafter decreasing gradually north-eastward. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) has a crude processing Visakhapatnam as a coastal zone with capacity of 7.5 million metric tons (mmt) potential pollution source points per annum. During the year 2001-2002, the industry processed 6.7 mmt of crude. The Visakhapatnam was a small town at the main products /.ire diesel, motor spirit, beginning of this century became a major kerosene, aviation turbine fuel, LPG, naphtha port city due to developments like and bitumen; with average production of establishment of Chennai Howrah rail-line, 219.4, 57.3, 500, 2.3, 9.4 and 9.1 Port based activities, commissioning of thousand metric tons (tmt) per annum Hindustan Shipyard, Naval base and other respectively. In the refinery main major industries and also educational Processing units are crude distillation, 911 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(8) 910-924 vacuum distillation, fluid catalytic and urea internally for captive consumption. cracking, bitumen blowing, sulfur recovery At present CFL is getting both ammonia and and merox units. Apart from the, above urea from outside, Suppliers to produce there are four utility boilers, two CO complex fertilizers. HPCL supplies LSHS boilers and four heat recovery-steam which is used as fuel in the industry. generating units which are used in process units. Sulfuric acid plant: The plant has a capacity to produce 1200 tons of sulphuric In the distillation and other fractionation acid (H2SO4) per day with an average units, different types of fuels, liquid or gas working capacity of 1130 tpd. Liquid are used for the purpose of the process (molten) sulfur is burnt with air to produce heating, which are generated internally. SO2 and is then converted to Converter. The Usage of fuels depends on the availability as SO3 is then absorbed in absorption towers to well as requirement. Details of process produce 94% Concentrated acid. SO2, SO3 units and type of fuel consumed and and acid mist is the main emissions during release of pollutants are shown in Table 2.1. the process. Absorption tower and brick Generally fuel oil, naphtha, low sulphur mist candles are used pollution as lion heavy stock (LSHS) and fuel gas are used control equipments. in the refinery. There is a sulphur recovery unit (SRU) to desulphurise the fuel gases Phosphoric acid plant: This plant and off, gases which, are generated in amine produces 400 tpd of Phosphoric acid in the unit and sour water stripper. Main purpose form of 30% acid based on dehydrate of SRU is to reduce the overall SO2 process. Rock phosphate is grinded mill and emissions from the refinery. A part of is digested with sulfuric acid to produce process and sulphur recovery units, there phosphoric acid and gypsum. The slurry is is a flare stack where in lean gases of CO filtered to separate the solid gypsum from the and organics are burnt. Therefore, the acid. The acid, concentrated in vacuum expected pollutants from refinery due to evaporators to produce 48% acid for use in burning of different types of liquid and complex plant. Packed bed fume gaseous fuels are SO2, SPM and NOX and scrubber is used to control fluorine also there are incombustible products such emissions. Hence expected emissions from as CO and Hydrocarbons, which are this unit include fluorine and acid released through the process/operating units as fugitive emissions. Complex plant: The .complex plant presently consists of three trains viz. 'A B Coromandel Fertilizers Limited and' C to produce 650, 650 and 700 tpd respectively. In the case of 28.0 Coromandel Fertilizers Ltd. (CFL) is in ammonia, phosphoric acid and sulphuric operation with a capacity of 2000 tons per acid are made to react in an agitated tank day (tpd) of various types of fertilizers. It reactor. The slurry is granulated in a rotary produces various fertilizer grades of Granulator for further ammonization. The GROMOR 28:28:0, 14:35:14 and 20:20:0 granules are dried in a rotary dryer, ammonia (NH3), urea and phosphoric acid screened and the product is sent to the respectively. This industry has mainly three bagging plant. Fumes from the reactor plants viz, sulphuric acid plant, phosphoric and granulator are scrubbed with weak acid acid plant and complex fertilizer plant. in a series of scrubbers. Previously it was used to produce ammonia 912 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(8) 910-924 With a capacity of 750 mtpd is added in remaining gases are thoroughly mixed June2000 to produce 20:20:0 and 14:35:14. with a portion of reformed gases and In this stream, ammonia, sulfuric acid, compressed. During the process heating, phosphoric acids are reacted in a pipe SO2 and NOX are released due to reactor. The product is dried, screened Combustion of fuels to maintain reaction cooled and sent to bagging plant.