2019 Government greenhouse gas conversion factors for company reporting Methodology paper for emission factors Final report August 2019 © Crown copyright 2019 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to [email protected]. This document has been produced by Nikolas Hill, Eirini Karagianni, Luke Jones, Joanne MacCarthy, Eugenia Bonifazi, Sam Hinton, Charles Walker (Ricardo Energy & Environment) and Billy Harris (WRAP) for the Department for Business Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS). 2 2019 Government greenhouse gas conversion factors for company reporting: Methodology paper Contents 1. General Introduction ......................................................................................................... 11 Overview of changes since the previous update ................................................................. 12 2. Fuel Emission Factors ...................................................................................................... 13 Section summary ................................................................................................................ 13 Summary of changes since the previous update ................................................................ 13 Direct Emissions ................................................................................................................. 14 Indirect/WTT Emissions from Fuels .................................................................................... 15 3. UK Electricity, Heat and Steam Emission Factors ............................................................ 20 Section summary ................................................................................................................ 20 Summary of changes since the previous update ................................................................ 20 Direct Emissions from UK Grid Electricity ........................................................................... 21 Indirect/WTT Emissions from UK Grid Electricity ................................................................ 29 Emission Factors for the Supply of Purchased Heat or Steam ........................................... 32 Summary of Method 1: 1/3: 2/3 Method (DUKES) .............................................................. 33 Calculation of CO2 Emissions Factor for CHP Fuel Input, FuelMixCO2factor ..................... 33 Calculation of Non-CO2 and Indirect/WTT Emissions Factor for Heat and Steam .............. 36 4. Refrigerant and Process Emission Factors ....................................................................... 37 Section summary ................................................................................................................ 37 Summary of changes since the previous update ................................................................ 37 Global Warming Potentials of Greenhouse Gases ............................................................. 37 Greenhouse Gases Listed in the Kyoto Protocol ................................................................ 37 Other Greenhouse Gases ................................................................................................... 37 5. Passenger Land Transport Emission Factors ................................................................... 38 Section summary ................................................................................................................ 38 Summary of changes since the previous update ................................................................ 38 Direct Emissions from Passenger Cars .............................................................................. 39 Emission Factors for Petrol and Diesel Passenger Cars by Engine Size............................ 39 Hybrid, LPG and CNG Passenger Cars .............................................................................. 44 Plug-in Hybrid Electric and Battery Electric Passenger Cars (xEVs) .................................. 45 Data inputs, sources and key assumptions ......................................................................... 46 Emission Factors by Passenger Car Market Segments ...................................................... 51 Direct Emissions from Taxis ............................................................................................... 53 3 2019 Government greenhouse gas conversion factors for company reporting: Methodology paper Direct Emissions from Vans/Light Goods Vehicles (LGVs) ................................................. 54 Plug-in Hybrid Electric and Battery Electric Vans (xEVs) .................................................... 55 Direct Emissions from Buses .............................................................................................. 57 Direct Emissions from Motorcycles ..................................................................................... 59 Direct Emissions from Passenger Rail ................................................................................ 60 International Rail (Eurostar) ................................................................................................ 61 National Rail ....................................................................................................................... 61 Light Rail ............................................................................................................................. 61 London Underground .......................................................................................................... 63 Indirect/WTT Emissions from Passenger Land Transport ................................................... 63 Cars, Vans, Motorcycles, Taxis, Buses and Ferries............................................................ 63 Rail ...................................................................................................................................... 63 6. Freight Land Transport Emission Factors ......................................................................... 64 Section summary ................................................................................................................ 64 Summary of changes since the previous update ................................................................ 64 Direct Emissions from Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) ....................................................... 64 Direct Emissions from Vans/Light Goods Vehicles (LGVs) ................................................. 67 Direct Emissions from Rail Freight ...................................................................................... 69 Indirect/WTT Emissions from Freight Land Transport......................................................... 69 Vans and HGVs .................................................................................................................. 69 Rail ...................................................................................................................................... 69 7. Sea Transport Emission Factors ....................................................................................... 70 Section summary ................................................................................................................ 70 Summary of changes since the previous update ................................................................ 70 Direct Emissions from RoPax Ferry Passenger Transport and ........................................... 70 freight .................................................................................................................................. 70 Direct Emissions from Other Marine Freight Transport ....................................................... 72 Indirect/WTT Emissions from Sea Transport ...................................................................... 72 8. Air Transport Emission Factors ......................................................................................... 73 Section summary ................................................................................................................ 73 Summary of changes since the previous update ................................................................ 73 Passenger Air Transport Direct CO2 Emission Factors ....................................................... 73 Allocating flights into short- and long-haul: ......................................................................... 76 Taking Account of Freight ................................................................................................... 77 Taking Account of Seating Class Factors ........................................................................... 79 4 2019 Government greenhouse gas conversion factors for company reporting: Methodology paper Freight Air Transport Direct CO2 Emission Factors ............................................................. 80 Emission Factors for Dedicated Air Cargo Services ........................................................... 80 Emission Factors for Freight on Passenger Services ......................................................... 82 Average Emission Factors for All Air Freight Services .......................................................