University of Dundee DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Scotland's Castles rescued, rebuilt and reoccupied, 1945 - 2010 Inglis, Janet Award date: 2011 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Scotland's Castles: rescued, rebuilt and reoccupied, 1945 - 2010 Janet Inglis 2011 University of Dundee Conditions for Use and Duplication Copyright of this work belongs to the author unless otherwise identified in the body of the thesis. It is permitted to use and duplicate this work only for personal and non-commercial research, study or criticism/review. You must obtain prior written consent from the author for any other use. Any quotation from this thesis must be acknowledged using the normal academic conventions. It is not permitted to supply the whole or part of this thesis to any other person or to post the same on any website or other online location without the prior written consent of the author. Contact the Discovery team ([email protected]) with any queries about the use or acknowledgement of this work. Janet Rose Inglis Scotland’s Castles: Rescued, Rebuilt and Reoccupied, 1945 – 2010 PhD University of Dundee July 2011 i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations iv List of Tables (including models & charts) vi Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements vii Declaration viii Preamble ix Abstract x Introduction: Setting the Scene 1 Terminology 1 The Methodology 2 The Structure of the Thesis 9 Chapter one: Language & Historiography 16 The Language of Castles: What is a Castle? 16 Representations of Castles 22 Castles in fiction and the media 32 The historiography of the castle 37 Castle rebuilding and reoccupation before 1945 44 Conclusion 51 Chapter Two: Context & Heritage- Why did change flourish? 52 The social context: social, political & economic changes 1945 – 2010 52 The cultural context: the growth of the ‘heritage industry’ 57 The role of the campaigners 72 The political context: the role of legislation 76 The rest of the British Isles – England, Wales and Ireland 78 The European context & beyond 82 War and peace 83 European protection bodies and events 86 European Castles 88 ii The rest of the world 91 Conclusions 93 Chapter three: Castles & Owners - The Surveys 94 Section 1: The reoccupied buildings 96 Location 97 Availability & Condition 99 Size & type of building 101 End use 105 Time taken to rebuild 107 Section 2 – the owners 108 The ‘new’ owners 108 Professions 114 Nationality 115 Gender 116 Corporate owners 118 Old owners 120 The sellers 121 Section three: When were the restorers? 122 1945 - 59 123 1960-69 125 1970-79 125 1980 – 89 126 1990 - 99 128 2000 - 2010 128 Conclusions 129 Chapter 4 Problems, Processes & outcomes 131 Problems with Processes: Hardships 134 Battles with the authorities 136 What will the neighbours think? 144 Changes in the landscape 150 Buildings as businesses 152 Selling on 155 iii The failed projects 157 New castles 164 Conclusions 169 Chapter five: Media Representations & Restoration Narratives 171 Themes, Motivations & Media 173 The Case Studies 181 Kisimul 188 Breachacha 189 Fordell 191 Aiket 193 Cramond 195 Fawside 196 Kinkell 197 Mains 200 Methven 201 Rusco 204 Aikwood 205 Tilquhillie 207 Borthwick 209 Glenapp 211 Rossend 213 Summary 215 European Restoration narratives 216 Conclusions 220 Chapter six analyses and conclusions 222 Conclusions 233 Coda: The future for Scottish castles? 234 Bibliography 237 Appendices 257 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Barholm Castle ................................................................................................................ ix Figure 2 Ravenstone Castle, built in many stages ........................................................................... 5 Figure 3 Towie Barclay gardens ................................................................................................... 12 Figure 4 Comlongon Castle wedding ............................................................................................ 13 Figure 5 The ‘Gatehouse’ at Ravenstone Castle ........................................................................... 14 Figure 6 ‘The Lonely Tower’ by Samuel Palmer, 1860s ................................................................. 22 Figure 7 ‘The Bard’ by John Martin 1817 ...................................................................................... 23 Figure 8 Haddon Hall,’English castle par excellence’ .................................................................... 23 Figure 9a and b Culzean Castle .................................................................................................... 24 Figure 10 Amisfield Tower, turreted tower .................................................................................. 24 Figure 11 Balmoral Castle ............................................................................................................ 24 Figure 12 The Magdalenenklause in Munich ................................................................................ 25 Figure 13 The Queen opening the “Queen's Garden”with fake ruins 2010 ................................... 27 Figure 14 The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder ............................................................ 28 Figure 15 Osbert Lancaster's Cartoon of the Laird ........................................................................ 30 Figure 16 The Laird of Balgonie with his son, his Chamberlain and two of his Pipers .................... 30 Figure 17 Nola Crew of Newark Castle ......................................................................................... 30 Figure 18 Jeffrey & Janet Burn of Buittle Tower ........................................................................... 30 Figure 19 The former Baron & Baroness of Earlshall .................................................................... 31 Figure 20 The Queen Mother by the Castle of Mey, 1955 ............................................................ 31 Figure 21 The Baron & Baroness Twynholme, former owners of Knockbrex Castle ...................... 31 Figure 22 Image on Historic Scotland's website, 2010 .................................................................. 40 Figure 23 A similar image on the cover of the NTS Annual Report for 2007-8 ............................... 40 Figure 24 Earlshall Castle, exterior and interior showing Lorimer’s Falkland Screen ..................... 48 Figure 25 Craigends House 1857 .................................................................................................. 60 Figure 26 In ruins 1974 Figure 27 Final demolition 1980 ........................................................... 60 Figure 28 The Destruction of the Country House Exhibition ......................................................... 66 Figure 29 Osbert Lancaster's cartoon ‘Chesney Wold’ depicting the plight of the country house . 68 Figure 30 Cover of 'The Tower' by W.B.Yeats, illustrating Thoor Ballylee ...................................... 81 Figure 31 Kasteel Ammersoyen in The Netherlands ..................................................................... 83 Figure 32 Dresden after WW2 ..................................................................................................... 84 Figure 33 Chateau de Bagnols ...................................................................................................... 90 Figure 34 Craigdarroch Castle in Canada ...................................................................................... 92 Figure 35 Stollmeyer's ‘Balmoral’ Castle in Trinidad ..................................................................... 92 Figure 36 Dunskey castle, bought for restoration in 1998 but never started ................................ 98 Figure 37 'Scottish Baronial Exterior' by Osbert Lancaster .......................................................... 102 Figure 38 Kenmure Castle, Galloway – too complex (& big) to restore? ..................................... 103 Figure 39 Taymouth Castle - too big (& complex) to restore? ..................................................... 104 Figure 40 Armorial panel above the door of Barscobe Castle ..................................................... 111 v Figure 41 Aikwood Tower .......................................................................................................... 118 Figure 42 Lex Brown outside Castle Tioram................................................................................ 143 Figure 43 Kilcoe Castle, before and after.................................................................................... 144 Figure 44 Fernie Castle bedroom with faux rubble walls ............................................................ 146 Figure 45 Eilean Donan Castle...................................................................................................