HARMONIC SERIALISM WITH LEXICAL SELECTION: EVIDENCE FROM JÈRRIAIS ALLOMORPHY by Miranda Kelly McCarvel A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics The University of Utah August 2016 Copyright © Miranda Kelly McCarvel 2016 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Miranda Kelly McCarvel has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Aaron Fortune Kaplan , Chair 4/22/2016 Date Approved Aniko Csirmaz , Member 4/22/2016 Date Approved Rachel Hayes-Harb , Member 4/22/2016 Date Approved Abby S. Kaplan , Member 4/22/2016 Date Approved Wendell A. Kimper , Member 4/22/2016 Date Approved and by Edward J. Rubin , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of Linguistics and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Harmonic Serialism (HS) is a constraint based theory of phonology that has gained interest in the last ten years. As a theory of phonology, HS must be able to account for phonologically conditioned allomorphy. Currently in HS, phonologically conditioned allomorphy is analyzed in one of two ways – either using a single underlying representation in HS or through the realizational framework of Optimal Interleaving (known as Harmonic Serialism with Optimal Interleaving (HS/OI)). Yet, using data from Jersey Norman French (Jèrriais), I show that neither approach can account for certain cases of phonologically conditioned allomorphy. To remedy this deficiency, I propose the inclusion of Lexical Selection (LS) in HS in a framework termed Harmonic Serialism with Lexical Selection (HS/LS). LS provides for the lexical listing of allomorphs and, when needed, the ordering of allomorphs in the input to reflect a grammar’s preference to use certain allomorphs regardless of surface markedness. Using data from Jèrriais, Dyirbal, Moroccan Arabic, Polish, and Catalan I develop a full theory of HS/LS. I explore how GEN is conceived of in HS, how allomorph selection functions within the theory, and how HS/LS can handle certain cases of opacity. I propose a revision of the constraint PRIORITY, which is the LS constraint responsible for ensuring respect of allomorph ordering, from a gradient faithfulness constraint to a categorical markedness constraint. The incorporation of LS into HS is important in that it allows HS to more fully account for phonologically conditioned allomorphy. iv Pouor les pâleurs du Jèrriais O vous tous! braves Normands des îles de la Manche … sachez-le, votre patois est vénérable; votre patois est sacré; car c'est de votre patois qu'est sortie, comme la fleur de la racine, cette langue française qui demain sera la langue de l'Europe. François-Victor Hugo La Normandie inconnue 1857 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ xi Chapters 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Phonologically Conditioned Allomorphy ....................................................... 4 2. JÈRRIAIS ALLOMORPHY AND THEORIES OF PHONOLOGY ......................... 9 2.1 Jèrriais Data ................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Classic OT Analyses of Jèrriais Definite Article Allomorphy ...................... 19 2.3 Lexical Selection (LS) ................................................................................. 37 2.4 Alternative OT-Based Analyses ................................................................... 56 2.5 Harmonic Serialism (HS)............................................................................. 65 2.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 75 3. HARMONIC SERIALISM WITH LEXICAL SELECTION (HS/LS) .................... 76 3.1 Gradualness and Change in HS ................................................................... 77 3.2 Allomorph Insertion Is a Step ...................................................................... 86 3.3 Allomorph Insertion .................................................................................... 89 3.4 Preventing Dual Allomorphs ..................................................................... 102 3.5 HS/LS Analyses of Jèrriais Definite Article Allomorphy .......................... 106 3.6 Opacity in HS ............................................................................................ 120 3.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 127 4. CATALAN .......................................................................................................... 128 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 128 4.2 Catalan Phonotactics, Plural Formation, and Schwa Epenthesis ................ 130 4.3 Bonet et al. (2007) Analysis of Catalan ..................................................... 140 4.4 HS/LS Analysis of Catalan ........................................................................ 147 4.5 HS/LS Analysis vs. OT/LS Analysis ......................................................... 156 4.6 HS/LS Analyses of Other Phonological Processes in Catalan .................... 160 4.7 Catalan Constraint Ranking Summary ....................................................... 180 4.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 183 5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 185 5.1 Summary ................................................................................................... 185 5.2 Future Research ......................................................................................... 189 5.3 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................. 190 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 192 viii LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Jèrriais Definite Article Allomorphs .................................................................... 12 2.2 Distribution of Masculine Singular Definite Article Allomorphs .......................... 17 2.3 Set of POC for Variation in the Masculine Singular Definite Article ................... 50 LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Jèrriais Definite Article Allomorphy Constraint Ranking Hasse Diagram ......... 116 4.1 Catalan Nominal Constraint Ranking Hasse Diagram ........................................ 181 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people to thank. First, this dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance of Aaron Kaplan, my advisor and chair. He has been tolerant of my obsession with Jèrriais allomorphy and has patiently guided me through multiple drafts of not only this dissertation but other papers on the subject. My committee has been extremely supportive throughout this process. I thank Abby Kaplan for her feedback on this dissertation and for her assistance on the transcriptions of Jèrriais recordings. I thank Rachel Hayes-Harb. She has not only been an excellent committee member and professor, but she has also been ever so kind to me in supporting me during these trying years of writing my dissertation and applying for jobs. I also thank Aniko Csirmaz. I am a better linguist for the time I spent in her classes and in her office. She has challenged me and I am the better for it. My gratitude also goes out to Wendell Kimper for his comments and feedback, which have greatly improved this dissertation. I would like to thank the Department of Linguistics faculty and staff. Without the support they have given me, I would not have done this. I would especially like to thank Ed Rubin, who as chair has ensured I received the support and training I needed to become a successful linguist. I owe a great deal to the Ellen Christina Steffensen-Cannon Scholarship for funding my last two years. Without this support completing this dissertation would have been even more difficult. I would also like to thank Tony Scott Warren, Geraint Jennings, and Colin Ireson for their tireless efforts in preserving and promoting Jèrriais – mèrcie bien des fais! Grad school would have been impossible without the support of my fellow grad students. Your support and enthusiasm have made this process so much more bearable. Specifically I thank Cate Showalter (thanks buddy!), Jemina Keller, Christina Yong, Sarah Braden, Jeff Pynes, Aziz Alzoubi, Kevin Kau, and Greg Eastwood. While it seems difficult, it is possible to have friends while going to grad school. The friends I have outside of linguistics may be solely responsible for keeping me sane. There are too many of you to list, but you know who you are and I love you. I thank my family for supporting me even if it meant not seeing me for months. They may not understand what I do, but they love me and support