AMERICANS' ATTITUDES ABOUT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE SOCIAL CONTEXT FOR PUBLIC COMMUNICATION Commissioned Review in Support of the Alan Leshner Leadership Institute American Association for the Advancement of Science Prepared by Matthew C. Nisbet Associate Professor Communication, Public Policy & Urban Affairs Northeastern University Ezra Markowitz Assistant Professor Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts-Amherst Science & Technology Attitudes 2 PREFACE AAAS describes public engagement with science as intentional, meaningful interactions that provide opportunities for mutual learning between scientists and members of the public. Through the Alan I. Leshner Leadership Institute for Public Engagement with Science, AAAS empowers scientists and engineers to practice high-impact public engagement by fostering leaders who advocate for critical dialogue between scientists and the public and lead change to enable their communities, institutions, and others to support public engagement. This report, with additional work on understanding mechanisms for institutional change, as well as practical experience in public engagement with science, will guide the work of the Leshner Leadership Institute and its Public Engagement Fellows, as well as other programs of the AAAS Center for Public Engagement with Science (Center). The Center, which manages the Leshner Leadership Institute, offers this paper as a resource for the broader community of public engagement practitioners, researchers, and scientists doing public engagement. Science & Technology Attitudes 3 OVERVIEW In this report we review U.S. public knowledge and attitudes about science and technology, assessing general trends and analyzing specific controversies. Drawing on more than 100 national surveys and peer-reviewed studies, our analysis provides a foundation for critically assessing different communication strategies and for benchmarking the impact of various initiatives. We focus on the following specific questions and topics, emphasizing the broad implications for public communication: o How are Americans receiving, seeking out, and passing on information about science and technology by way of interpersonal conversations, traditional news outlets, the Internet, and social media? What are the effects of these communication behaviors and choices? o What is the connection between various forms of scientific knowledge and public attitudes? How do factors such as political ideology or religiosity influence the role that knowledge plays? o How do Americans view the relationship between science, government, and society? What role do various forms of trust play in shaping public attitudes? How do public views of scientists compare to other influential societal groups? o How much public support is there for government funding of science? How do Americans view the social impacts of science? What role do views about science and society play in shaping attitudes about specific controversies or debates? o What role do beliefs about scientific consensus play in shaping perceptions of climate change? How does the public view the severity and immediacy of climate change and what factors influence these views? o Do Americans believe they can take actions to address climate change, or that society and its leaders are capable of acting in time? How divided are Americans politically on climate change? o How have public attitudes about food biotechnology evolved over time? What are the public's preferences relative to food labeling? o What concerns do Americans and parents of young children have about childhood vaccination? Does skepticism of vaccines require nationally focused communication efforts or should such efforts carefully target specific communities? o In debates over pandemics such as swine flu or Ebola, how has the public responded? What role has the news media and partisan debate played in shaping risk perceptions? Science & Technology Attitudes 4 o Are Americans concerned about the risks of antibiotic resistance? Who is considered responsible for addressing the problem? How do public misperceptions about antibiotics influence patient decisions? PUBLIC DISCUSSION AND MEDIA USE For adults who have completed their formal education, interpersonal conversations and various forms of media use are the dominant sources of information about science and technology. Research paints a complex picture of how these communication behaviors influence science attitudes and knowledge, suggesting key principles or strategies related to public outreach. Public Discussion of Science About a third of Americans say they frequently discuss science-related topics with their friends, family, and co-workers. Research suggests there are many benefits to such conversations. In comparison, discussing politics with like-minded others tends to promote barriers to public engagement. Asked in 2010 how often science and technology were part of their conversations with family members, 36 percent of Americans said "very often" or "quite often" (BBVA 2012). Other surveys show that discussion of specific issues tends to wax and wane in relation to media attention, major focusing events, and political moments. For example, in 2008, following a historic spike in media attention to climate change, 40 percent of Americans said they discussed "global warming with family or friends" either often (5%) or occasionally (35%). In the years since, those saying they discussed global warming declined to 25-30 percent of the public (Leiserowitz et al., 2015a). Extreme weather events also spark public conversations relevant to climate change. In a 2013 survey, among the majority of Americans who said they experienced an extreme weather event over the past year, nearly 80 percent reported discussing the event face-to-face with someone they knew (Leiserowitz et al., 2013). Studies show that interpersonal conversations about science are closely linked to more effortful processing of the information that people might encounter in the news media, online, or by way of other sources. This greater level of elaboration in turn can lead to a deeper and more sophisticated understanding of a complex issue, along with a greater ability to apply this knowledge when making decisions or offering an opinion (see Eveland and Cooper, 2013). Research also suggests that discussion of science amplifies concern about problems like climate change. In a study tracking the discussion patterns of a nationally representative sample of Americans across two years, attention to science-related news coverage was found to promote more frequent conversations about science, which in turn helped boost overall Science & Technology Attitudes 5 concern about climate change. This heightened concern not only promoted subsequent attention to news coverage of science but also intensified the frequency of science-related conversations, which resulted in even greater levels of worry about climate change (Binder 2010). Interpersonal conversations are also a key mechanism by which individuals are recruited into taking action to address a problem. For example, two-thirds of Americans say they trust "family and friends" as a source of information about global warming, a proportion higher than any other group except for climate scientists (Leiserowitz et al., 2015b). Given this level of trust, when the public is asked who could convince them to take action to reduce climate change, rather than naming a political leader, expert, or organization, they are most likely to say a person close to them, including their significant other (27%), child (21%), close friend (17%), parent (11%), or sibling (7%) (Leiserowitz et al., 2013a). Similarly, if asked by someone they "like and respect," a third or more of Americans say they would sign a petition about global warming, attend a neighborhood meeting to discuss actions to address the problem, or take a pledge to support a candidate that shared their views on the issue (Leiserowitz et al., 2014a). Studies also suggest that interpersonal discussion in combination with news attention plays an important articulation function relative to public participation, providing individuals with a repertoire of arguments that can be used in conversations, in media comments, and in contacting decision-makers. This articulation function is also likely to boost an individual's willingness to participate in various formal public engagement forums, such as a deliberative meeting, a science cafe, a citizen science project, or science festival (Goidel & Nisbet, 2006). Research suggests that talking about science has many civic benefits, yet other studies show that discussing politics with like-minded others can be a key driver of increased polarization on science-related issues. Discussing politics with ideologically similar others has been shown to boost differences in how liberals and conservatives view issues ranging from stem cell research to biofuels to nanotechnology (see Binder et al., 2009). At the local level, politically like-minded conversations have also been shown to divide opinions in relation to the siting of biological research facilities (Binder et al. 2011). The Audience for Science News Studies consistently show a positive correlation between science-related newspaper reading, science documentary TV viewing, and various forms of science-related knowledge (see Su et al., 2015). Yet over the past two decades, the size of the audience for these information- rich news sources continues to decline. Science & Technology Attitudes