Library of Adelbert College of Western Reserve University PRESENTED BY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES DOWN TO 476 A.D, BY ROBERT F, PENNELL REVISED EDITION WITH PLANS AND COLORED MAP @!3~t~tt ALLYN AND BACON 1891 PREFACE. THIScompilation is designed to be a companion to the author's History of Greece. It is liopcd that it may fill a want, now felt in many high schools and academies, of a short and clear statement of the rise and fall of Rome, with a biography of her chicf men, and an outliilc of her institutions, manners. and religion. For this new cdition the book has been entirely rewritten, additioiial matter having bcen inti-oduced whenever it has been found licccssary to mect recent requirements. The penults of proper names have becn marked when long, botlr in the text and Index. ?'he Exarn- ination Papers given are introduced to indicate the present range of requirement in leading colleges. The maps and plans have bcen specially drawn and engraved for this book. The design 11as been to make them as clcar and open as possible; consc- quently, namcs and places not nientioned in the text have, as a rule, becn omitted. ROBERT F. PENNELL. GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. ANCIENT ROME. CHAPTER I. GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY. TALY is a long, narrow peninsula in the southern part of I Europe, Lxtxern the 39111 and 46th parallds of north latitude. It is 720 nriles long from the Alps to its southern extremity, and 330 niiles broad in its widest part, i. e. from the Little St. Bernard to tlie hills north of Trieste. It has an area of nearly iro,ooo square miles, about that of the State of Nevada. 'The Alps separate Italy on the north and northwest from the rest of Europc. The pass over these mor~ntainswliich presents the least difficulties is through tlie Julian Alps on the east. It was over this pass that the Barbariaus swcpt down in their invasions of thc country. The Apeiinines, \vl~ichare a continl~ationof the Alps, extend through tlie whole of the peninsula. Starting in the Maritime Alps, they extend casterly towards tlie Adriatic coast, and turn south- enstrrly lii~g~iogtlie coast through its whole cxtrnt. l'his confor~nation of the country causcs the rivers of any size helow tlie basin of the Po to flow into the Tyrrhenian (Tuscan) Sea, rather than into tlie Adriatic. I Northern Italy, between the Alps and the Apennines, is drained by thc Padus (Po) and its tributaries. It was called Gallia Cisalpiua (Gaul this sidc of the Alps), and corre- sponds in general to nod ern Lon~bardy. The little river !\thcsis, north of the Padus, flows into the Adriatic. Of the tributaries of the Pados, the 'l'iclnnq on tlre north, a~id the Trcl~iaon the south, are of historical interest. The portion of Nortliern Italy bordering on the AIediter- ranenn is a ~nountaiiious district, ancl mas caller1 Liguria. In this district on the coast were Genua and Nicaea. The district nortli of the Athesis, betveen the Alps and tlre Ailri- ntic, was called Venetia, fro111 which comes the name Venice. Here were located Pataviurn (I'adua), Aquileia, and Forum Julii. Gallin Cisalpina contained many flourisl~ingtowns. North of the Padus were Verhna, hlediol~nu~~i(Milan), Crembna, hlanl~~a,i\n(les, and Vercellae, a noted battle-field. South of this river nrere Augusta Tauri116r11m(Turin), Placentia, T'arma, hlutina, and Ravenna. The Rubicon, a little strealm flowing into the Allriatic, bounded Gallia Cisalpina oil the southeast. ?'he ?tI~tcl-n,noother little stream, was the south- ern boundary on tlre other side of Italy. Central Italy, lTIrriin Propria, or Italy Proper, i~icluded all of the peninsula l~elowthese rivers as far down as Apulia and 1,ucania. In this divisiun are the rivers Tiber, Arnus, Iiris, and Voltornus, \\,hiclr empty into the Mediterranean, a~rd the WIctaurus, Aesis, and .4ternus, wliich empty illto the Adriatic. 'The ,nost inrl~ortant subdivision of Central Italy was Lati~u~n,burcleriug on the l'yrrhenian Sen. North of it on the snure coiht was Etrnria, and to the 5011th was Cam- pania. On the !idriatic coast were Umbria, PicBnum, an11 Samninm. The cities of Lstium wel-c Rome, on the Tiber, and its seaport, Ostia, near the inor~tliof the sallie river. 'l'en lnilcs northwest of Ronie mas Veii, an Fllriiscan city, and about the saiue distalice sor~tlreastwas illbn Longa. Nr:ll-ly the same distance directly soot11 of Ko~nc,on the coast, was Lavininm, aud east-northcast of Kome was Tibur. Neigh- hori~~gto Alba l.onga were 'l'uici~lum and the ~llbanLakc. 'l'hc Pomptine hlarshes wcre near the coast, in the south- ern part of Latii~m. Lake Kegillus was near Kome. In E:trurin were I'lorcntia, I'acsulae, Pisar, Arretiul~l, Volaterrae, Clusium, and 'I'aquinii ; also I.:ll<c 'l'rnsim61ius. In Canlpania wcre Capua, Neapolis (Naples), Cuullae, lhiae, watering lilace, Hel-culaneum, Pompeii, Cm~rli~im,Sa- lernum, Casilinun~, and Nola. The faiiious volc;ino of Veso\~iiis mas here, aild also Lake ;\\~er~~os. 111 Umbria, on the coast, were Ariminr~mand Pisaurn~~>; in the interior were Sentinu~uanil Calncrinum. The river A~letaurus, notecl for the defeat of Hasdrul~al,ivas lil<emisi- ill Ut~~bria. In l'icenum was Anc611a. In Samnirlm were Cures and I~cneventum. Southeru Italy inclutlcd Apulia m~dCalabria on thc .idriatic, Lucania and Bruttium on tlic Tyrrhcnian Sea. -4polia is the most level of thc countries sorltll i~fthe 1Rnl)icon. Its only stream is the Ai~fidus, on the hank of which at Cannae was fougllt a fanioi~sbattle. Arpi, ASCII- lum, and Canusiuni arc interior towns. In Calabria (or Iapygin) \\,ere thc citici of Iirundisiom ;in(l 'Tarentulu. The chief towns in 1,ucania and Rruttiu~umere settled by the Greeks. .\mong tRem were Heraclea, Metaponturn, Sybaris, and Tliurii, in Lucania; alid Crotoii, Locri, and Rhegium, iii Sruttium. Tile islands near Italy were important. Sicily, with an area of about ~o,ooosquare milcs, and triangular in shape, was oftell called by the poets Trinacria (with threc prom- ontories). The isla~id contained many important cities. most of which were of Greek origin. Anion!: thesc were Syracuse, Agrigentum, Messh~a, Catana, Caniarina, Gela, Sclinus, Egesta (or Segesta), Pai~ormus,Leontini, and Enna. 'There are nlaiiy mountains, the chiei of which is Aetna. Sardinia is nearly as large as Sicily. Corsica is consid- erably smaller. Ilva (Elha) is between Corsica and thc mainlalld. Igilinm is off 1Strnria ; Capreae is in the Bay of Naples ; Strongyle (Strornbbli) and Lipara are ~iorthof Sidly, and the negates Insulae are west of it. CHAPTER 11. 0 far as we know, tile early inhabitants of Italy werc .. S dlvidecl into three wces, the Iapygian, Etruscan, an(l Italian. Tlie Iapygians were tlie first to settle in Italy. 'Sl~ey probxlily canlc from the north, and were pushed south by laler irnmigl-ations, u~itilthey were cm!mleil into the sootheasirrn corner of the peninsula (Calabria). Here they were ~~iostlpabsorbed by the Greeks, who settleil ill the eighth and seveiiih centuries all along the soutlicr~land soi~th\\~estemcoast, and who vere Inore highly civilized. Rcsides the Iapygiaiis. aiid distinct from the Etruscans and Iialians, were the Venetians and the I.igilrians, the former of !vhou~ settled in Vcnetia, the latter ill Liguria. The Etruscai~sat ihe iin~en.l~cn Romnr~ history begins were a powerful and n,nrlike mce, superior to the Italians in civilization atid ihe aris of life. They probably calne from tlie north, and at first sctiled in the plain of the Po ; but bring aftel-ivards dislodgcil by the invacli~~gGauls, they moved farther sontli, into F;trnria. Here they fonncil n colifederation of t1~2elr.e cities bet\vecn the Al-i~oam1 the Tiber. Of thcse cities the 111ost noicd were Volsinii, the heail of the confederacy, Vcii, Volaterrae, Caere, and Clu- sium. 'Tliis people also formed scattering settleniciits in other parts of Italy, but gained no fi1-111 foothold. .kt one time, in the sixth century, they were in power at Rome, Corsica, too, \\,as at this time ii~iilcrthrir cuntrol. l'licir <:rlmmerce was coi~siderahlc. Many \\,ell pr-cservcd oiono- alents of their art 1iai.e bee11 discoverecl, but no one has ye: lieen able lo dc<:il,l~erany of the inscriptiuns upor t11e1n. 'l'he power of these pcople was gmdually lesseneil by the Ko~iians,and after the fall of Veii, in 396, bcca~neprac- tically extinct. The Italians were of the same origin as the Hellenes, aiicl belonged to the Aryan race, a peoplc that lived ii~ earliest iinies possibly ill Scandinavia. IYliile the Helltnes wrrc scttli~igin Greecc, thc Italians entered Italy. At this tinle tlie Italians had made consirlerable progrcss in civilization. l'liey understood, in a measure, the art of agricultore ; the huilding of lhor~ses; ilie use of wagons anil of boal5; of fire in preparing food, and of salt in season- ing it 'I'iiey coulcl ~uakcvarior~s ~reapons and or~~aments out of coyper and silver; hiisba~iii and wife were recog- nizcil, ant1 the people were divided into clans (tribes). 'That portion of thc Itnlians k~iow~ias tlie Latins settled in ;I plain uliicli is bounded on the east and south by moun- tains, on the west by tile '~yrrlienian Sea, and 011 the north by tlie high lands of Etruria. 'l'his plain, called Latinm (flnt country), contains about 700 squa~mile.