Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2015-2016 AFRO-AMERIKAANSE

Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2015-2016 AFRO-AMERIKAANSE

Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2015-2016 AFRO-AMERIKAANSE MUZIEK IN DE VERENIGDE STATEN EN EUROPA VAN DE 19e EEUW TOT 1930 Masterproef voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, Vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, door Arne Aelterman (01205429) Promotor: Prof. Dr. Francis Maes INHOUDSOPGAVE DANKWOORD.......................................................................................................................... 4 I. INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................5 II. ONTSTAAN VAN AFRO-AMERIKAANSE CULTUUR...................................................7 1. SLAVERNIJ IN DE VERENIGDE STATEN...................................................................7 2. DE VERENIGDE STATEN NA DE AMERIKAANSE BURGEROORLOG.................8 3. ONTSTAAN VAN EEN AFRO-AMERIKAANSE CULTUUR...................................... 9 III. AFRO-AMERIKAANSE CULTUUR IN BLANK POPULAIR ENTERTAINMENT....11 1. MINSTREL SHOWS....................................................................................................... 11 1.1. JUMP JIM CROW....................................................................................................11 1.2. ZIP COON EN COON SONGS............................................................................... 13 1.3. OORSPRONG BLACKFACE................................................................................. 14 1.4. DE ARCHETYPES VAN DE MINSTREL SHOW................................................ 14 1.5. MINSTREL SHOWS EN AFRO-AMERIKAANSE EMANCIPATIE...................15 IV. AFRO-AMERIKANEN IN CULTUUR EN ENTERTAINMENT IN DE 19E EEUW....17 1. KLASSIEKE MUZIEK....................................................................................................17 1.1. FRANK JOHNSON (1792-1844)............................................................................ 17 2. THEATER........................................................................................................................18 2.1. THE AFRICAN GROVE THEATER......................................................................18 2.2. IRA ALDRIDGE (1807-1867).................................................................................18 2.2.1. IRA ALDRIGDE EN ABOLITION................................................................. 19 3. MINSTREL SHOWS....................................................................................................... 20 3.1. DE ZWARTE STERREN VAN DE MINSTREL SHOWS.....................................21 3.1.1. BILLY KERSANDS (1842-1915)....................................................................21 3.1.2. JAMES A. 'JIMMY' BLAND (1854-1911)......................................................22 3.1.3. SAMUEL MILDWAY 'SAM' LUCAS (1848-1916)....................................... 23 V. TIN PAN ALLEY................................................................................................................ 24 1. EERSTE PERIODE......................................................................................................... 24 1.2. GUSSIE LORD DAVIS (1863-1899)...................................................................... 24 1.3. SCOTT JOPLIN (1867-1917).................................................................................. 25 2. TWEEDE PERIODE........................................................................................................26 2.1. SHELTON BROOKS (1886-1975)..........................................................................26 2.2. JOE YOUNG (1889-1939).......................................................................................27 2.3. ANDY RAZAF (1895-1973)....................................................................................28 2.4. JAMES PRICE JOHNSON (1894-1955)................................................................. 28 2.5. THOMAS WRIGHT 'FATS' WALLER (1904-1943)..............................................29 VI. RAGTIME EN CAKEWALK............................................................................................ 31 1. RAGTIME........................................................................................................................31 1.1. RAGTIME IN EUROPA..........................................................................................33 2. CAKEWALK................................................................................................................... 33 1 1. EEN HISTORISCH OVERZICHT.................................................................................. 37 2. HET POLITIEKE TONEEL VAN EUROPA..................................................................38 3. MIGRATIE NAAR AMERIKA...................................................................................... 39 3.1. INNOVATIES IN TRANSPORT............................................................................ 39 3.2. ECONOMISCHE FACTOREN............................................................................... 40 3.3. POLITIEKE VLUCHTELINGEN........................................................................... 41 3.4. AMERIKA: HET BELOOFDE LAND....................................................................41 4. THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA................................................................................... 41 5. DE EUROPESE CULTUURWERELD EN WETENSCHAPPELIJK RACISME.........42 5.1. WETENSCHAPPELIJK RACISME........................................................................42 5.2. PRIMITIVISME EN EXOTISME IN EUROPA..................................................... 45 6. EUROPESE MUZIEK OP HET EINDE VAN DE 19e EEUW...................................... 46 6.1. ANTONÍN DVORÁK (1841-1904).........................................................................47 7. DEELBESLUIT............................................................................................................... 50 VIII. AMERIKA IN WERELDOORLOG I............................................................................. 51 1. AFRO-AMERIKAANSE LEGEREENHEDEN..............................................................51 2. AFRO-AMERIKAANSE MILITAIRE ORKESTEN......................................................51 2.1. AFRO-AMERIKAANSE MILITAIRE ORKESTEN IN WERELDOORLOG I....52 2.1.1. JAMES REESE EUROPE'S 369th 'HARLEM HELLFIGHTERS' BAND.....53 2.1.2. WILL VODERY'S 807th PIONEER INFANTRY BAND.............................. 54 2.1.3. TIM BRYMN'S 350th FIELD ARTILLERY BAND.......................................55 2.1.4. ANDERE AFRO-AMERIKAANSE MILITAIRE ORKESTEN.....................56 3. BLUES EN WERELDOORLOG I.................................................................................. 57 3.1. BLUES IN WERELDOORLOG I............................................................................57 3.1.1. HENRY STUCKEY (1896-1966).................................................................... 58 3.2. WERELDOORLOG I IN BLUES............................................................................58 3.2.1. BLACK BOB HUDSON.................................................................................. 59 3.2.2. CHARLEY JORDAN (1890-1954)..................................................................59 3.2.3. BIG BILL BROONZY (1903-1958)................................................................ 60 4. AFRO-AMERIKAANSE MILITAIRE ORKESTEN NA WERELDOORLOG I..........61 IX. AFRO-AMERIKAANSE MUZIEK IN EUROPA NA WERELDOORLOG I.................63 1. INDIVIDUELE MUZIKANTEN EN KLEINE ORKESTEN.........................................63 1.1. OPAL COOPER....................................................................................................... 63 2. GROTE ORKESTEN.......................................................................................................64 2.1. SAM WOODING (1895-1985)................................................................................ 64 2.2. PAUL WHITEMAN (1890-1967)............................................................................65 2.3. WILL MARION COOK (1869-1944)......................................................................67 3. VAUDEVILLE EN REVUES..........................................................................................69 3.1. CLAUDE HOPKINS (1903-1984)...........................................................................69 3.2. NOBLE SISSLE (1889-1975).................................................................................. 69 2 3.3. JOSEPHINE BAKER (1906-1975)..........................................................................71 3.4. CHOCOLATE KIDDIES......................................................................................... 72 4. KLASSIEKE MUZIEK....................................................................................................73 4.1. WILLIAM GRANT STILL (1895-1978).................................................................73 X. EUROPA TIJDENS HET INTERBELLUM....................................................................... 78 1. OVERZICHT................................................................................................................... 78 2. MUSIC HALL..................................................................................................................78 3. OVERGANG NAAR JAZZ.............................................................................................79 XI. JAZZ IN EUROPA.............................................................................................................80

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