PLANNING AND DESIGNING FOR PEDESTRIANS Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ................................................................1 1.1 Scope of Guidelines.............................................................................. 2 1.2 How the Pedestrian-Oriented Design Guidelines Can be Used........ 5 1.3 How to Use the Chapters and Who Should Use Them ...................... 6 2. Pedestrian Primer ...................................................................9 2.1 What is Pedestrian-Oriented Design? ................................................. 9 2.2 Link Between Land Use and Transportation Decisions .................. 10 2.3 Elements of a Walkable Environment ............................................... 11 2.4 What Kind of Street Do You Have and What Kind Do You Want?... 12 2.4.1 "Linear" and "Nodal" Structures .......................................................................... 12 2.4.2 Interconnected or Isolated Streets ....................................................................... 14 2.4.3 Street Rhythm......................................................................................................... 15 2.4.4 "Seams" and "Dividers" ........................................................................................ 16 3. Community Structure and Transportation Planning.........17 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 17 3.2 Land Use Types and Organization..................................................... 18 3.3 Mix of Uses .......................................................................................... 20 3.3.1 Mixed-use Districts, Corridors, and Centers ....................................................... 20 3.3.2 Civic Districts and Centers ................................................................................... 21 3.3.3 Employment Districts, Corridors, and Centers ................................................... 21 3.3.4 Residential Districts and Neighborhoods............................................................ 22 3.3.5 Schools ................................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Achieving a Mix of Land Use Types .................................................. 23 3.5 Creating Pedestrian Supportive Areas.............................................. 24 3.5.1 Allowable Uses ....................................................................................................... 25 3.5.2 Density .................................................................................................................... 27 3.5.3 Strategies to Pursue .............................................................................................. 28 3.6 Creating and Maintaining Community and Neighborhood Identity 31 3.7 Circulation System.............................................................................. 31 3.7.1 Retrofitting an Existing Circulation System ........................................................ 31 3.7.2 Planning New Development - Connected vs. Unconnected Street System .... 32 3.7.3 Traffic Management that Considers Pedestrians ................................................ 34 3.7.4 Pedestrians and Bicyclists: Maintaining a Safe Alliance ................................... 35 3.7.5 Transit Access ........................................................................................................ 36 3.7.6 Parking Considerations ......................................................................................... 37 3.8 Public Open Space and Parks ........................................................... 38 i PLANNING AND DESIGNING FOR PEDESTRIANS 4. Site and Detail Design ..........................................................41 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 41 4.2 ADA Accessibility ................................................................................ 42 4.2.1 Understanding ADA & Designing for Various Disabilities and Ages ............... 42 4.2.2 Eliminating Barriers for Disabled ......................................................................... 42 A. Grades ...................................................................................................................... 42 B. Walkways .................................................................................................................. 43 C. Ramps ...................................................................................................................... 43 D. Curb Cut Ramps at Intersections ............................................................................. 43 E. Driveway Design ....................................................................................................... 44 F. Textural, Audible, Vibrating and Visual Cues at Crossings ....................................... 44 G. Surfaces ................................................................................................................... 44 4.3 Additional Areas of Consideration .................................................... 44 4.3.1 New Development vs. Retrofit .............................................................................. 44 4.3.2 Relation to Current Standards and Practices...................................................... 45 4.3.3 Pedestrian Access to Transit ................................................................................ 45 4.3.4 Urban, Suburban and Rural Considerations ...................................................... 46 4.3.5 Thresholds and Warrants ...................................................................................... 46 4.4 Street and Circulation System ........................................................... 47 4.4.1 Street Design .......................................................................................................... 47 A. Pedestrian Measure Guidelines Matrix ..................................................................... 50 B. "Discovering" Additional Right-of-Way ...................................................................... 52 4.4.2 Intersection Design and Operations .................................................................... 53 A. Turning Radii............................................................................................................ 55 B. Sight Distance........................................................................................................... 56 4.4.3 Pedestrian Crossings ............................................................................................ 57 A. Devices at Traffic Signals ......................................................................................... 62 B. Pedestrian Crossing Signage ................................................................................... 63 C. Pavement Striping .................................................................................................... 64 D. Residential Street Crossings .................................................................................... 64 E. Pedestrian Bulbouts.................................................................................................. 65 F. Installation of Midblock Crosswalks.......................................................................... 66 G. Pedestrian Refuge Islands ....................................................................................... 67 H. Sidewalks for Overpasses, Underpasses, and Highway On/Off Ramps .................. 69 4.4.4 Traffic Calming ....................................................................................................... 74 A. Common Traffic Calming Measures ......................................................................... 74 4.4.5 Site Access Controls ............................................................................................. 80 4.4.6 Street Parking ......................................................................................................... 81 4.4.7 Stormwater Management Facilities -"Green Streets" ......................................... 82 4.5 Creating a Pedestrian Realm ............................................................. 83 4.5.1 Sidewalk Design ..................................................................................................... 83 A. Locating a Sidewalk .................................................................................................. 84 B. Determining a Width - Establishing "Zones" ............................................................. 85 C. Grades, Cross Slope, and Curb Cuts ....................................................................... 87 D. Surfacing .................................................................................................................. 87 ii PLANNING AND DESIGNING FOR PEDESTRIANS 4.5.3 Lighting ................................................................................................................... 95 4.5.4 Landscape .............................................................................................................. 98 4.5.5 Trails and Pathways ............................................................................................... 99 4.5.6 Midblock Accessways ......................................................................................... 101 4.5.7 Cul-de-Sac Connectors ......................................................................................