THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS the Return this book on or before Latest Date stamped below. University of Illinois Library THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF PASSIFLORACEAE BY ELLSWORTH P. KILLIP ASSOCIATE CURATOR, DIVISION OF PLANTS UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ,V NATURAL ** HISTORY T THE LIBRARY Of HE tf 7-19 UNIVERSITY OF ILLIKOIS BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIX, PART II APRIL 20. 1938 I'l HI. 1C \TIoN 408 Natural History Library THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF PASSIFLORACEAE BY ELLSWORTH P. KILLIP ASSOCIATE CURATOR, DIVISION OF PLANTS UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM THE LIBRARY OF THE MAY 7 -1938 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIX, PART II APRIL 20, 1938 PUBLICATION 408 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS V.I9- THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF PASSIFLORACEAE ELLSWORTH P. KILLIP Subgenus XVIII. GRANADILLA Series 1. Quadrangulares 195. Passiflora quadrangularis L. Syst. ed. 10. 1248. 1759. Granadilla quadrangularis Medic. Malvenfam. 97. 1787. Passiflora quadrangularis var. sukata Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 232. L 1763. Passiflora tetragona M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. 2: 165. 1846. Passiflora macrocarpa Mast. Gard. Chron. 1869: 1012. 1869. Plant glabrous throughout; stem stout, 4-angled, the angles con- spicuously winged; stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3.5 cm. ' long, 1 to 2 cm. wide, acute at apex, narrowed at base, entire or > slightly serrulate, thin-membranous; petioles 2 to 5 cm. long, stout, canaliculate along upper side, 6-glandular, the glands in pairs, nearly sessile; leaves entire, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 10 to 20 cm. v long, 8 to 15 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, rounded, subtruncate, shallowly cordate, entire at margin, penninerved, the midnerve prominent, strongly elevated beneath, the principal lateral nerves 10 to 12 to a side, elevated beneath; peduncles 1.5 to 3 cm. long, 3-angled; bracts cordate-ovate, 3 to 5.5 cm. long, 1.5 to 4 cm. wide, acute or acutish, entire or serrulate toward base, thin-membranous; flowers up to 12 cm. wide; calyx tube campanulate; sepals ovate or ovate-oblong, 3 to 4 cm. long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. wide, concave, cucullate at apex, corniculate, greenish or greenish red without, white, violet, or pinkish within; petals oblong-ovate to oblong- l lanceolate, 3 to 4.5 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. wide, obtuse, flat, white, deeply pink-tinged; corona 5-ranked, the 2 outer ranks filamentose, subequal (filaments up to 6 cm. long, equaling or somewhat longer than the sepals, terete, radiate, banded with reddish purple and white at base, blue at middle, densely mottled with pinkish blue in upper half), the third rank tubercular (tubercles clavate, about 2 mm. long, deep reddish purple), the fourth rank filamentose (filaments 1 to u 1.5 mm. long, banded with reddish purple and white), the innermost rank membranous, 3 to 7 mm. long, unequally lacerate-cleft, slightly inclined inward; operculum membranous, 4 to 6 mm. long, inclined 335 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIX inward, denticulate, white, reddish purple at margin; limen annular, fleshy; gynophore stout, enlarged in lower third by 2 annular proc- esses (trochlea); ovary ovoid; fruit oblong-ovoid, 20 to 30 cm. long, 12 to 15 cm. wide, terete or longitudinally 3-grooved; seeds broadly obcordate or suborbicular, 7 to 10 mm. long, 5 to 8.5 mm. wide, strongly flattened, reticulate at center of each face, radiately striate at margin. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. ILLUSTRATIONS: Jacq. Stirp. Amer. pi. 143; Cav. Diss. 10: pi. 283; Bot. Reg. 1: pi. 14; Veil. Fl. Flumin. 9: pi. 76; Tussac, Fl. An till. 4: pi. 10, 11; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: pi. 3; 27: pi. 64, f. 1-6, pi. 65, f. 8-10; Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: pi. 19, 20; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: pi. 12; Garden 59: 7; Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1221. /. 1651; Stand. Cycl. Hort, 2482. /. 2770; Card. Chron. III. 44: 444; Popenoe, Man. Trop. Fr. 247. /. 31; Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 1: pi. 115; Smiths. Inst. Ann. Rep. 1920: pi. 19. 1922; Ochse, Fruit & Fruitcult. in Dutch E. Ind. pi. 40. 1931; Mutis, Icon. PI. Ined. 26: pi 3. DISTRIBUTION: Cultivated throughout tropical America, at elevations up to 2,500 meters, its native region uncertain. MEXICO: Chiapas: Seler 1969 (B). GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: Panzos, J. D. Smith 1626 (N). Suchitepequez: Cuyotenango, J. D. Smith 2466 (K, N). Las Animas, Shannon 447 (N). Escuintla: Escuintla, J. D. Smith 2088 (N, Y). SALVADOR: San Salvador, Colderon 52 (G, N). Tonacatepeque, Standley 19485 (G, N). NICARAGUA: "He d'Omotepe," Levy 1145 (Bo, Gen, P). San Juan de Nicaragua, Friedrichsthal 546 (V). Chontales, R. Tate 109 (K). COSTA RICA: Pittier 3904 (Brux). Shirores, Tonduz 9325 (Brux, N). Rio Turrialba, Pittier 13207 (J. D. Smith 7522; K, N, V). Las Vueltas, Tonduz 13001 (Bo, N). Cairo, Standley & Valerio 48400 (N), 48420 (N). Llanuras de Santa Clara, J. D. Smith 6527 (N). Guapiles, Standley 37159 (N). El Coyolar, Alajuela, Standley 40041 (N). Puerto Jimenez, Brenes 12260 (F). PANAMA: Seemann 119 (K). Canal Zone: Chagres, Fendler 119 (N). Panama: Juan Diaz, Standley 32057 (N). BAHAMAS: Curtiss 195 (B, BM, P). CUBA: Habana: Santiago de Las Vegas, Killip 13521 (N); Van Hermann 616 (F, K, Mo, N, P). Finca Mulgoba, Van Hermann AMERICAN PASSIFLORACEAE 337 8092 (HV). Oriente: Baracoa, Ekman 4341 (S). Sierra de Nipe, Ekman 6503 (S). HAITI: Tortue Island, Leonard & Leonard 12455 (N). Massif du Nord, Ekman H3820 (N). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Poiteau (B, Gen, P). Rio San Juan, Miller 1192 (N). JAMAICA: Browne (Linn, type). Hope Gardens, G. N. Collins 63 (N); Hams 660 (EM, Cal, J); Perkins 43 (B). PUERTO Rico: Rio Piedras, Stevenson 6715 (N). Bayamon, Sintenis 531 (B); 1122 (B, BM, G, N, V). Mayagiiez, Sintenis 490 (B). Adjuntas, Underwood & Griggs 778 (N). Sierra de Naguabo, Shafer 3483 (N, Y). ST. CROIX: Ricksecker 279 (F, N), 279bis (F). SABA: Boldingh (Ut). ST. EUSTATIUS: Van Groll (V). GUADELOUPE: Duss 3779 (Cop, F, N); Stehle 462 (N). MARTINIQUE: Belanger 431 (P); Duss 884 (N). ST. VINCENT: H. H. Smith 183 (N). TRINIDAD: Trinidad Herb. 2589 (T). Royal Botanic Garden, Bailey Ta (N), Tb (G, N). SURINAM: Dahlberg (Linn). Cupido, B. W. 838 (Ut). Wullschlagel 982 (Brux). BRITISH GUIANA: Jenman 6427 (N). Kabakaburi, Pomeroon District, De la Cruz 3298 (N, Y). VENEZUELA: Federal District: Caracas, Pittier 12403 (N). COLOMBIA: San Bartolome", Rio Magdalena, Humboldt & Bon- pland 1623 (P). Bolivar: Rio Sinu, Pennell 4662 (Y). Santander: Puerto Wilches, Killip & Smith 14734 (A, G, N, Y), 14823 (A, G, N). Boyaca: El Humbo, Lawrance 585 (S). Cundinamarca: La Esperanza, Ariste Joseph B87 (N); Cuatrecasas 3246 (Ma). Huila: Neiva, Pennell 1135 (Y). Tolima: Honda, Ariste Joseph Bill (N). El Choco: Quibdo, Archer 1852 (N). La Concepcion, Archer 2087 (N). El Valle: Dryander 162 (B). Cisneros, Killip 11494 (G, N, Ph,Y). ECUADOR: Oro: Portovelo, Rose 23398 (N). PERU: San Martin: San Roque, L. Williams 7250 (N). Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27152 (N, Y). Rio Itaya, L. Williams 188 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIX (F). Huanuco: Ambo, Macbride & Featherstone 21+22 (F, N). Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn (Ma). BOLIVIA: La Paz: Coripata, Bang 2198 (BM, Bo, F, G, Gen, N, Ph, V, Y). Tipuani, Buchtien 7384 (N). Apolo, R. S. Williams 1555 (BM, N, Y). BRAZIL: Amazon River, Trochon 28 (P). Minas Geraes: Vicosa, Mexia 4138a (Cal). Passiflora quadrangularis is extensively cultivated in tropical America. The thick rind is often made into sweetmeats or preserves; the pulp has usually a pleasant flavor, and is used with or without sugar, or cooked with milk. Masters segregated P. macrocarpa from P. quadrangularis, but the justification of this segregation is doubtful. The principal differences noted by him between the two were: P. quadrangularis sepals white within; petals red, longer than the sepals; outermost corona filaments equaling the petals; innermost corona filaments dentiform; fruit smaller than in P. macrocarpa, not grooved; P. macrocarpa sepals violet within; petals violet, shorter than the sepals; outermost corona filaments longer than the petals; innermost corona filaments elongate; fruit very large, 3-grooved. The herbarium specimens here cited certainly do not show such a definite correlation of characters, nor do notes made by collectors, though meager, indicate that two species are represented. The description of the coloring of the floral parts here given is based on personal field observations (Killip & Smith 27152}. Fruits which I have examined in tropical markets show much variation in size and in the degree to which they are grooved. The few specimens preserved in the Kew Herbarium, where Masters carried on his studies, do not appear to fall into two readily distinguishable species. A single plant in flower and fruit in the Kew conservatories, passing under the name P. quadrangularis, has the relatively small fruits of that species but the outermost corona filaments are much longer than the petals, as in Masters' P. macrocarpa. Until a thorough study of living material from various parts of tropical America has been made, with a view to demonstrating conclusively the distinct- ness of P. macrocarpa, it seems best to regard it at most as a horti- cultural form of P. quadrangularis. Probably P. Allardii is a horticultural hybrid of P. quadrangularis and P. caerulea. It is represented in herbaria by Standley & Valerio 44024 (N) and Pittier 481 (Brux), both cultivated near San Jose", Costa Rica. AMERICAN PASSIFLORACEAE 339 LOCAL NAMES: "Granadilla" (throughout Spanish America); "granadilla real" (southern Mexico and Central America); "sandia de la Pasion" (Tepic and Guerrero); "barbadine" (French Antilles); "parcha granadina" (Venezuela); "mereekoeja," "mereekoeja fire- beroe," "groote markoesa" (Surinam); "badea" (Colombia and northern Ecuador) ; "tumbo" (southern Ecuador and Peru) ; "badera" (Colombia and Ecuador); "quijon" (Bolivia); "maracuja-assu," "maracuja uagu," "maracuja mamao" (Brazil).