Contrast the Differences: A Christian Neo-Confucian Dialogue By Contrasting the Anthropological Views of Karl Barth and Shili Xiong For the Development of Chinese Theological Anthropology By CHAN, Hoi Yan A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Knox College and the Theological Department of the Toronto School of Theology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Theology awarded by Knox College and the University of Toronto. © Copyright by CHAN, Hoi Yan 2012 Contrast the Differences: A Christian Neo-Confucian Dialogue By Contrasting the Anthropological Views of Karl Barth and Shili Xiong For the Development of Chinese Theological Anthropology CHAN, Hoi Yan Doctor of Theology, 2012 Knox College, University of Toronto Abstract The thesis employs the method of contrast of a Chinese scholar Vincent Shen to compare and contrast the anthropologies of Karl Barth and Shili Xiong, with the goal of achieving a constructive inner dialogue made explicit for the development of a contextual Chinese theological anthropology. When the anthropologies of Barth and Xiong are put side by side for contrast, their views are clearly different from each other. However, in the inner dialogue, it is found that the perspectives of Barth and Xiong are not absolutely contradictory. It appears that Barth and Xiong shared several similarities in their observations of some phenomena of humanity, though they adopted different perspectives to interpret these phenomena. As Barth and Xiong are so different from each other on their cultural and academic backgrounds, it is interesting that they do come to similar observation on the phenomena of humanity, yet it is also argued that parallels should not be easily drawn. Besides, it is found that a state of ‘in-between’ seems to be a significant phenomenon in various aspects of human life and it could also be an important implication of Chinese theological anthropology. Besides, it is suggested that the ii method of contrast is a good method to deal with the tension in the study of Chinese theological anthropology; it also draws significant implications for the study of contextual theology and even ecumenical/interfaith dialogue. iii Table of Contents Chapter I Reviews of Christian Contextualization 1 Introduction 1 1. Terms Clarification: Contextualization, Indigenization and Inculturation 4 1.1 Indigenization 4 1.2 Inculturation 5 1.3 Contextualization 6 1.4 ‘Indigenization’, ‘inculturation’ and ‘contextualization’ 6 2. The Unavoidable Tension in Christian Contextualization: Contextualization in China as Example 8 2.1 Dual Convictions of Contextual Theology 8 2.2 The Dialectics of Religious Identity 12 2.3 Past Attempts of Contextual Theologies 13 3. Dialogues and Contextualization 21 3.1 Definitions of Dialogue 21 3.2 Inner Dialogue 23 3.3 Inner Dialogue and Contextualization 25 4. Procedure of the Research 27 4.1 Research Proposition 27 4.2 Research Statement and Implications 31 4.3 Outline of the Research 34 Chapter II Methodology 36 1. Differences and Contrast 36 2. Shen’s Method of Contrast 41 2.1 The Paradigm of Contrast 42 2.2 The Method of Contrast 43 3. The Application of the Method of Contrast 48 3.1 Inner Dialogue and Contrast 48 3.2 The Employment of the Method of Contrast in this Research 50 Chapter III Introducing the Background and Historical Context of Karl Barth and Shili Xiong 53 1. Karl Barth (1886-1968) 53 1.1 Background 53 iv 1.2 Historical Context 53 2. The Importance of Barth in the Western Protestant Tradition 60 3. Shili Xiong (1885-1968) 61 3.1 Background 61 3.2 Historical Context 62 4. The Importance of Xiong in the Neo-Confucian Tradition 65 5. The Anthropologies of Barth and Xiong 68 5.1 Anthropological Studies in General 69 5.2 Philosophical Anthropology – The Anthropology of Xiong 70 5.3 Theological Anthropology – The Anthropology of Barth 71 6. The Differences between Barth and Xiong 72 6.1 Differences 72 6.2 The paradigm of contrast 74 Chapter IV The Theological Anthropology of Karl Barth 77 1. Karl Barth’s Basic Presuppositions Related to Theological Anthropology 77 1.1 “World remains world, God is God” 77 1.2 The Main Features of Barth’s Theology 81 1.3 Christocentric Anthropology 83 2. Karl Barth’s Theological Anthropology 86 2.1 The Origin of Human Beings – Human Nature 88 2.2 The Existence of Human Beings – The Relationship Among Human Beings 97 2.3 The Existence of Human Beings – Soul and Body 106 2.4 Human Destiny and Transcendence 111 3. The Dilemma Between Human Transcendence and Limitation 117 Chapter V Shili Xiong’s Philosophical Anthropology 119 1. Shili Xiong’s Basic Presuppositions Related to Philosophical Anthropology 119 1.1 Translations 120 1.2 The Ultimate Reality and Appearance are Non-Dual 123 1.3 Forces of Materialization [closing] and Creative Unfolding [opening] form Processes of Change 126 1.4 Turning Inward and Examining One’s Own Self 130 2. The Philosophical Anthropology of Xiong 136 2.1 The Origin of Human Beings – Human Nature 136 2.2 The Existence of Human Beings – The Relationship Among Human Beings 149 2.3 The Existence of Human Beings – Mind and Body 153 v 2.4 Human Destiny and Transcendence 156 3. The Dilemma Between Human Transcendence and Limitation 163 Chapter VI Contrast and Dialogue 165 1. Structural contrast 166 2. The Underlying Issues that Contributed to the Differences 172 2.1 About the Origin of Human Beings 172 2.1.1 The Issue of the Existence of a Personal God 172 2.1.2 The Issue of Human Autonomy 176 2.2 The Condition of Human Existence: Maintaining or Surrendering the Individual in Co-Humanity 178 2.3 The Issue of Human Transcendence 180 3. Dynamic Contrast in the Form of Inner Dialogues 183 3.1 Dialogue on Human Origin 184 3.2 Dialogue on Human Existence 192 3.3 Dialogue on Human Destiny 201 4. Conclusions Based on the Inner Dialogue 208 4.1 Similarities among Differences and Differences among Similarities 208 4.2 Different Interpretations on Similar Observations of the Phenomena of Humanity 211 4.3 The Phenomena of Humanity 216 Chapter VII Implications of the study 219 1. Chinese Theological Anthropology: ‘In-Between’ the Extremes 219 1.1 The Unavoidable Tensions 219 1.2 ‘In-Between’ as a Characteristic of Chinese Theological Anthropology 220 1.3 The Contribution of the Method of Contrast to Christian Theological Anthropology and Chinese Philosophical Anthropology 230 2. Possible Implications for the Study of Chinese Contextual Theology 233 2.1 The Unavoidable Tension in Contextual Theology 233 2.2 Further implications for Contextual Theology: the Value of Studying Differences by the Method of Contrast 234 3. Potential Implications for Interreligious and Ecumenical Dialogue 237 Conclusion 240 Bibliography 244 vi Chapter I Reviews of Christian Contextualization Introduction In the history of Christian mission in China, there was a struggle that lasted more than one and a half centuries over the issue of the Chinese Rites.1 When the Jesuit missionaries came to China in the 16th century, they had been quite successful in establishing a good relationship with the Chinese dynasty. However, with the arrival of more and more missionaries from other orders like the Dominicans and the Franciscans, the diverse opinions among the missionaries over the issue of Chinese rites opened up the ‘Chinese Rite Controversy’. Despite a great deal of effort by some missionaries to resolve the controversy, Pope Clement XI issued Papal bull Ex illa die2 in 1715, as an official response to the ‘Chinese Rite Controversy’: I. The West calls Deus [God] the creator of Heaven, Earth, and everything in the universe. Since the word Deus does not sound right in the Chinese language, the Westerners in China and Chinese converts to Catholicism have used the term ‘Heavenly Lord’ (Tianzhu) for many years. From now on such terms as ‘Heaven’ and ‘Shangdi’ should not be used: Deus should be addressed as the Lord of Heaven, Earth, and everything in the universe. The tablet that bears the Chinese words ‘Reverence for Heaven’ should not be allowed to hang inside a Catholic church and should be immediately taken down if already there. 1 The ‘Chinese Rites controversy’ was a dispute within the Church during the Ching dynasty about whether Chinese folk religion rites and offerings to ancestors and Confucius constituted idol worship or not. Despite an extraordinary policy statement given by the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in 1659 advising the missionaries not to force people to change their customs as long as these were not opposed to religion or morality, Pope Clement XI finally decided in favor of the Dominicans who argued that Chinese folk religion and offerings to ancestors and Confucius were incompatible with the teachings of the Church, this decision had greatly reduced missionary activities in China. For the details of the controversy, refer to George Minamiki, SJ, The Chinese Rites Controversy from its beginning to Modern Times (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1985). 2 The selection of the decree is a translation of the Chinese version of the original that was written in Latin. Refer to Dun Jen Li, China in Transition 1517-1911 (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969), 23-24. 1 2 II. The spring and autumn worship of the Confucius, together with the worship of ancestors, is not allowed among Catholic converts. It is not allowed even though the converts appear in the ritual as bystanders, because to be a bystander in this ritual is as pagan as to participate in it actively. III. Chinese officials and successful candidates in the metropolitan, provincial, or prefectural examinations, if they have been converted to Roman Catholicism, are not allowed to worship in Confucian temples on the first and fifteenth days of each month.